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Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Todevelophisideastheauthoruses
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Withrespecttogoldtheauthorfavorsthestatementthat
Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
构建社会主义和谐社会的工作方针是
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. TheauthorquotesCartier-Bressoninorderto
Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage. Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool
Tight-lippedeldersusedtosayIt’’snotwhatyouwantinthisworldbutwhatyouget. Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings. Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouseandeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinnerweplanthemenumakeashoppinglistdecidewhichfoodtocookfirstandsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved. Likewiseifyouwanttofindajobtakeasheetofpaperandwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajobbeginwithyourselfforwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetoofferyoucanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices. Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducationexperienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyouyourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducationyourexperienceandotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyourwaresandabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner. Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesiresyouhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcouldbejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopenanduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishforandkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow. Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesiresyouhavesomething_______________.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheportraitureexperienceasviewedbyAvedon
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare
Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals________thisislargelybecause________animalswestandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare________toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair________themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact________weareextremelysensitivetosmells________wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof________humansmellsevenwhentheseare________tofarbelowonepartinonemillion. Strangelysomepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother________othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate________smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend________tothebrain.Howeverithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell________cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen________toitoftenenough. Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit________tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan________newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay________explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells―wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot________oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe________newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors________forunfamiliarandemergencysignals________thesmellofsmokewhichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
Tight-lippedeldersusedtosayIt’’snotwhatyouwantinthisworldbutwhatyouget. Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings. Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouseandeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinnerweplanthemenumakeashoppinglistdecidewhichfoodtocookfirstandsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved. Likewiseifyouwanttofindajobtakeasheetofpaperandwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajobbeginwithyourselfforwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetoofferyoucanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices. Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducationexperienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyouyourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducationyourexperienceandotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyourwaresandabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner. Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesiresyouhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcouldbejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopenanduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishforandkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow. Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas_______________.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
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