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Text 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super syste...
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Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. ThecontentsofpeoplecolumninTheNewYorkTimesinclude
Text3 AskedwhathewoulddotoimproveagovernmenttheancientChinesesageConfuciusansweredthathisfirstmeasurewouldbe"tocorrectlanguage".Hemeantthatifwordsdon’tmeanwhattheyseemtomeanpeoplecannotputanyplanintoactionasintended.Thestateoflanguageatthedawnofthetwenty-firstcenturyappearstobemoreconfusedthanever--thanksinlargeparttotheenormousinfluenceoftelevisionradioandprintmediaoverwhatwetinydesireandbelieve. BenjaminRadfordmanagingeditorofTheSkepticalInquirermagazineoffershundredsofexamplesofdeceptivepracticesinjournalismadvertisingpoliticalactivismpublicrelationsandcharityappeals.Therealdangertothepublicheinsistscomesnotfromoutrightliesabouteventsorindividualsbecauseinmostcasesfactscallultimatelybeprovenandmistakescorrected.Buttheemotionalpowerofimagessoundbitesandsloganscanexertdeepandlastinginfluenceonouropinionsandbehaviorasconsumersvotersandcitizens. ThedetailedcoverageofviolentcrimesdominatinglocalTVnewsshowsseldomincludesanylargercontext.Thecumulativeimpressionleftinthemindsofviewetsisthatviolentcrimeisrampantandontherise.Asaresultmanypeopleliveinfearandmanymoresupporttheideaofever-largerpoliceforcestougherlawsandbiggerprisonswithoutconsideringtheactualcrimeratesintheircommunityoracrossthenation. DramaticincidentslikethesniperattacksintheWashingtonD.C.areainthefallof2002receivesomuchmediaattentionthatagaintheactualnumbersofpeopleaffectedandthelikelihoodofsuchattacksbeingrepeatedanywhereelsebecomewildlyexaggeratedinpeople’sminds.Inthemedia-fueledemotionalstatefollowingsuchspectaculardisasterstheeffortandexpenseofturningschoolsinfolockedfortressesorputtingcamerasoneverystreettomonitorsuspiciousindividualscanseeminsignificantcomparedtothehopeofkeepingourchildrensafefromharm.Yettrulyeffectivemeasuresrequireclearthinkingandclearlywordedpoliciesthatcitizensnotonlylawyersandpoliticians--canunderstand.Toooftenthelongtermfutureimplicationsofnewanticrimelawsandpoliciesarenotevenconsideredintherushtofeelsaferbytakingrapidandvisibleaction. Misleadingpracticesbyadvertisersareanothersubjectofpublicconcern.Governmentshavelonglimitedadsforalcoholandtobaccoproductsandexaminedclaimsbydrugcompaniescarmakersfoodsuppliersandtoymanufacturerstoprotectthepublichealth.Butadvertisingusesemotionalappealstoshifttheviewer’sfocusawayfromfacts.Viewerswhodonottakethetroubletodistinguishbetweenprovableclaimsandpleasantbutmeaninglesswordplayendupbuying"thesizzlenotthesteak"andoftenpayinghigh. WhatdoestheauthorprobablymeanbythesizzlenotthesteakLine6Paragraph5
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingandwriteanessayto 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitletheMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey’reoutlookingforotherjobs." TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewoman’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. 46
Myinspirationismygrandmotherwho’sstillaliveat96.SheraisedmefromthetimeIwas8onadairyfarminWisconsin.InanothererashecouldhavedonewhatIdoalthoughIdidn’tknowwhataCEOwasthen.I’marealgo-getteranddon’tknowanyotherway.Itellmy12-year-olddaughterifyouhaveatestwhynottryforanAIdon’tbelieveinhalfdoingsomething. Inmycareerthebiggestshockcameinmy20’s.Ilovedmyjobasafieldsystemsanalystat3Mandwantedmyfirstmanager’sjobatheadquarters.TheyeventoldmeIwasthebestcandidatetotallyqualified.Thentheytoldme"It’snotpossiblebecauseyou’reawoman."IwassoshockedthatIquit.IhadthisfeelingofbeingtotallyblownawayasIcrawledbacktoAtlanta. Ipreachtopeople:therearenobadbosses.Youlearnhownottotreatpeople.Myworstbosswasfullofhimselfandwantedtomicromanage.Themandidn’thaveacomplimentaryboneinhisbody.Istillhavemyperformancereviewhewroteinsmallanalprint.ItwaswinterinMinnesota.Ididn’twanttodrive.Iwasoutthedoorat5p.m.becausethebusleftthefrontdoorat5:06.HeputthatdowninmyreviewhowfastIwasoutthedoor.Itdidn’tmattertherestoftheyearIwasthereuntil6or7. LaterwhenIswitchedcompanies.Iattendedanoff-sitestrategymeetinginFlorida.Therewasabarbecueandthemeetingcontinuedonintotheevening.Myboss’bossthrewatowelacrosstheroomandsaid"CleanupCarol."Icaughtthetowelwentoverandscrubbedhisface.Everybodyintheroomwent"Ohhhh." TheluckiestthinginmycareeristhatIhaveacomputersciencedegree.Doorsopenedwideatatimewhenitwasn’tnecessarilygreatforwomen.IfIcouldwaveamagicwandI’dhaveeverygirlpasscollegefreshmancalculus. EverybodyintheroomwentOhhhh’Line4ParA．4because
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitletheMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey’reoutlookingforotherjobs." TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewoman’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. 50
Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. Todaythebold-facednamesisusedtoreferto
WhatistimeIsitathingtobesavedorspentorwastedlikemoneyOrisitsomethingwehavenocontroloverliketheweatherIstimethesameallovertheworldThat’saneasyquestionyousay.Whereveryougoaminuteis60secondsanhouris60minutesadayis24hoursandsoforth.Wellmaybe.ButinAmericatimeismorethanthat.Americansseetimeasaveryvaluableresource.Maybethat’swhytheyarefondoftheexpressionTimeismoney.BecauseAmericansbelievetimeisalimitedresourcetheytrytoconserveandmanageit.PeopleintheU.S.oftenattendseminarsorreadbooksontimemanagement.Itseemstheyallwanttoorganizetheirtimebetter.Professionalscarryaroundpocketplanners-someinelectronicform-tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime.TheearlyAmericanheroBenjaminFranklinexpressedthisviewbest:Doyoulovelife.’Thendonotwastetimeforthatisthestufflifeismadeof.ToAmericanspunctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeople’stime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapologyandmaybeanexplanation.Peoplewhoarerunninglateoftencallaheadtoletothersknowofthedelay.Ofcoursethelessformalthesituationthelessimportantitistobeexactlyontime.Atinformalget-togethersforexamplepeopleoftenarriveasmuchas30minutespasttheappointedtime.Buttheyusuallydon’ttrythatatwork.TooutsidersAmericansseemtiedtotheclockPeopleinotherculturesvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules.Inthesesocietiespeopledon’ttrytocontroltimebuttoexperienceit.ManyEasternculturesforexampleviewtimeasacycle.Therhythmofnature-fromthepassingoftheseasonstothemonthlycycleofthemoon-shapestheirviewofevents.Peoplelearntorespondtotheirenvironment.AsaresulttheyfinditeasiertogowiththeflowthanAmericanswholikeplanstobefixedandunchangeable.EvenAmericanswouldadmitthatnoonecanmastertime.Time-likemoney-slipsalltooeasilythroughourfingers.Andtime-liketheweather-isveryhauttopredict.Neverthelesstimeisoneoflife’smostpreciousgifts.Andunwrappingitishalfthefun.AmericansconserveandmanagetimeinallthefollowingcasesEXCEPT______.
[A]Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently. [B]ProofofwarmingincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticSeaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole. [C]ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.ItshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualWeatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMid-westernheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewarmestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage. [D]In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.IntheUnitedStatesforinstancebetweenathirdandahalfofallcancersareskincancerswidelyblamedonUVexposure.Australiahasthehighestrateofskincancerintheworldwithestimatesthattwooutofthreepeoplewillgetatleastoneskincancerintheirlifetime. [E]"Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases"writesJeremyLeggettinhisbookGlobalWarming:TheGreenpeaceReportOxfordUniversityPress1990."Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface."In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1℃to3℃riseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. [F]Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest. [G]Addtothisscenariothepossibilityofnaturaldisasterssuchasvolcanicactivitycometssolarwindssunspotactivityorearthquakesthatcoulddrasticallyaffectworldsecurity.HowlongisthestabilityoftheplanetgoingtobeimmunefromthesetypesofsignificantoccurrencesWinterstormsandrandomweatherextremessuchasrecord-breakingextremehotcoldandwindsaresignalsthatweshouldactontheresultsofclimatechange.Throughitsinnovationstheself-sufficienthomeisonewayofhelpinglimithumanenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingresourcesustainability. 44
Stinkingbusestheirpassengerspaleandtiredjamthecrowdedstreets.Driversshoutatoneanotherandhonktheirhorns.Smogsmartstheeyesandchokesthesenses.ThesceneisAthensatrushhour.ThecityofPlatoandPericlesisinasorrystateofaffairsbuiltwithoutaplanlackingevenadequateseweragefacilitieshemmedinbymountainsandtheseaits135squaremilescrammedwith3.7millionpepole.EvenAthens’ruinsareinruin:sulfurdioxiodeeatsawayatthemarbleoftheParthenonandothertreasuresontheAcropolis.AsGreekPremierConstantineKaramanlishassaid"TheonlysolutionforAthenswouldbetodemolishhalfofitandstartalloveragain." Sogreathasbeenthepopulationflowtowardthecitythatentirehinterlandvillagesstandvacantornearlyso.About120000peoplefromoutlyingprovincesmovetoAthenseveryyearwiththeresultthat40%ofGreece’scitizenryarenowpackedintothecapital.Themigrantscomeforthefewavailablejobswhichareusuallynobetterthantheonestheyfled.AtthecurrentrateofmigrationAthensbytheyear2000willhaveapopulationof6.5millionmorethanhalfthenation. AsidefromovercrowdingandpoorpublictransportthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansarenoiseandpollution.AgovernmentstudyconcludedthatAthenswasthenoisiestcityintheworld.Smogisalmostatkillinglevels:180300mgofsulfurdioxidepercubicmeterofairoruptofourtimesthelevelthattheWorldHealthOrganizationconsiderssafe.Nearlyhalfthepollutioncomesfromcars.Despitehighpricesforvehiclesandfuel＄2.95pergallonnearly100000automobilesaresoldinGreeceeachyear;3000driver’slicensesareissuedinAthensmonthly. AfterdecadesofneglectAthensisatlastgettingsomeattention.InMarchacommitteeofrepresentativesfromallmajorpublicserviceministriesmettodiscussaplantounclogthecitymakeitlivableandcleanupitsenvironment.Asave-Athensministrywhichwillsoonbeginfunctioningwillproposeheavytaxestodiscouragein-migrationaminimumof＄5billioninpublicspendingforAthensaloneandotherprojectsforthecountrysidetoencourageresidentstostayout.Amasterplanthatwillmovemanygovermentofficestothecity’sfringesisalreadyintheworks.MeanwhilemoreGreekskeepmovingintoAthens.Withfewparksandpreciousfewoxygen-producingplantsthecityanditscitizensareliterallysuffocating. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageaboutproposedsolutionstoovercrowdingproblemAthens
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
WhatistimeIsitathingtobesavedorspentorwastedlikemoneyOrisitsomethingwehavenocontroloverliketheweatherIstimethesameallovertheworldThat’saneasyquestionyousay.Whereveryougoaminuteis60secondsanhouris60minutesadayis24hoursandsoforth.Wellmaybe.ButinAmericatimeismorethanthat.Americansseetimeasaveryvaluableresource.Maybethat’swhytheyarefondoftheexpressionTimeismoney.BecauseAmericansbelievetimeisalimitedresourcetheytrytoconserveandmanageit.PeopleintheU.S.oftenattendseminarsorreadbooksontimemanagement.Itseemstheyallwanttoorganizetheirtimebetter.Professionalscarryaroundpocketplanners-someinelectronicform-tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime.TheearlyAmericanheroBenjaminFranklinexpressedthisviewbest:Doyoulovelife.’Thendonotwastetimeforthatisthestufflifeismadeof.ToAmericanspunctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeople’stime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapologyandmaybeanexplanation.Peoplewhoarerunninglateoftencallaheadtoletothersknowofthedelay.Ofcoursethelessformalthesituationthelessimportantitistobeexactlyontime.Atinformalget-togethersforexamplepeopleoftenarriveasmuchas30minutespasttheappointedtime.Buttheyusuallydon’ttrythatatwork.TooutsidersAmericansseemtiedtotheclockPeopleinotherculturesvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules.Inthesesocietiespeopledon’ttrytocontroltimebuttoexperienceit.ManyEasternculturesforexampleviewtimeasacycle.Therhythmofnature-fromthepassingoftheseasonstothemonthlycycleofthemoon-shapestheirviewofevents.Peoplelearntorespondtotheirenvironment.AsaresulttheyfinditeasiertogowiththeflowthanAmericanswholikeplanstobefixedandunchangeable.EvenAmericanswouldadmitthatnoonecanmastertime.Time-likemoney-slipsalltooeasilythroughourfingers.Andtime-liketheweather-isveryhauttopredict.Neverthelesstimeisoneoflife’smostpreciousgifts.Andunwrappingitishalfthefun.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueasregardspunctualityinAmerica
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Stinkingbusestheirpassengerspaleandtiredjamthecrowdedstreets.Driversshoutatoneanotherandhonktheirhorns.Smogsmartstheeyesandchokesthesenses.ThesceneisAthensatrushhour.ThecityofPlatoandPericlesisinasorrystateofaffairsbuiltwithoutaplanlackingevenadequateseweragefacilitieshemmedinbymountainsandtheseaits135squaremilescrammedwith3.7millionpepole.EvenAthens’ruinsareinruin:sulfurdioxiodeeatsawayatthemarbleoftheParthenonandothertreasuresontheAcropolis.AsGreekPremierConstantineKaramanlishassaid"TheonlysolutionforAthenswouldbetodemolishhalfofitandstartalloveragain." Sogreathasbeenthepopulationflowtowardthecitythatentirehinterlandvillagesstandvacantornearlyso.About120000peoplefromoutlyingprovincesmovetoAthenseveryyearwiththeresultthat40%ofGreece’scitizenryarenowpackedintothecapital.Themigrantscomeforthefewavailablejobswhichareusuallynobetterthantheonestheyfled.AtthecurrentrateofmigrationAthensbytheyear2000willhaveapopulationof6.5millionmorethanhalfthenation. AsidefromovercrowdingandpoorpublictransportthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansarenoiseandpollution.AgovernmentstudyconcludedthatAthenswasthenoisiestcityintheworld.Smogisalmostatkillinglevels:180300mgofsulfurdioxidepercubicmeterofairoruptofourtimesthelevelthattheWorldHealthOrganizationconsiderssafe.Nearlyhalfthepollutioncomesfromcars.Despitehighpricesforvehiclesandfuel＄2.95pergallonnearly100000automobilesaresoldinGreeceeachyear;3000driver’slicensesareissuedinAthensmonthly. AfterdecadesofneglectAthensisatlastgettingsomeattention.InMarchacommitteeofrepresentativesfromallmajorpublicserviceministriesmettodiscussaplantounclogthecitymakeitlivableandcleanupitsenvironment.Asave-Athensministrywhichwillsoonbeginfunctioningwillproposeheavytaxestodiscouragein-migrationaminimumof＄5billioninpublicspendingforAthensaloneandotherprojectsforthecountrysidetoencourageresidentstostayout.Amasterplanthatwillmovemanygovermentofficestothecity’sfringesisalreadyintheworks.MeanwhilemoreGreekskeepmovingintoAthens.Withfewparksandpreciousfewoxygen-producingplantsthecityanditscitizensareliterallysuffocating. AccordingtothepassageoneofthebiggestproblemsconfrontingAtheniansisnoisewhichismainlycausedby
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. JudgingfromthecontextcafesocietyLine2Paragraph2refersto
[A]Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently. [B]ProofofwarmingincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticSeaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole. [C]ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.ItshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualWeatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMid-westernheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewarmestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage. [D]In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.IntheUnitedStatesforinstancebetweenathirdandahalfofallcancersareskincancerswidelyblamedonUVexposure.Australiahasthehighestrateofskincancerintheworldwithestimatesthattwooutofthreepeoplewillgetatleastoneskincancerintheirlifetime. [E]"Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases"writesJeremyLeggettinhisbookGlobalWarming:TheGreenpeaceReportOxfordUniversityPress1990."Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface."In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1℃to3℃riseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. [F]Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest. [G]Addtothisscenariothepossibilityofnaturaldisasterssuchasvolcanicactivitycometssolarwindssunspotactivityorearthquakesthatcoulddrasticallyaffectworldsecurity.HowlongisthestabilityoftheplanetgoingtobeimmunefromthesetypesofsignificantoccurrencesWinterstormsandrandomweatherextremessuchasrecord-breakingextremehotcoldandwindsaresignalsthatweshouldactontheresultsofclimatechange.Throughitsinnovationstheself-sufficienthomeisonewayofhelpinglimithumanenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingresourcesustainability. 42
Text3 AskedwhathewoulddotoimproveagovernmenttheancientChinesesageConfuciusansweredthathisfirstmeasurewouldbe"tocorrectlanguage".Hemeantthatifwordsdon’tmeanwhattheyseemtomeanpeoplecannotputanyplanintoactionasintended.Thestateoflanguageatthedawnofthetwenty-firstcenturyappearstobemoreconfusedthanever--thanksinlargeparttotheenormousinfluenceoftelevisionradioandprintmediaoverwhatwetinydesireandbelieve. BenjaminRadfordmanagingeditorofTheSkepticalInquirermagazineoffershundredsofexamplesofdeceptivepracticesinjournalismadvertisingpoliticalactivismpublicrelationsandcharityappeals.Therealdangertothepublicheinsistscomesnotfromoutrightliesabouteventsorindividualsbecauseinmostcasesfactscallultimatelybeprovenandmistakescorrected.Buttheemotionalpowerofimagessoundbitesandsloganscanexertdeepandlastinginfluenceonouropinionsandbehaviorasconsumersvotersandcitizens. ThedetailedcoverageofviolentcrimesdominatinglocalTVnewsshowsseldomincludesanylargercontext.Thecumulativeimpressionleftinthemindsofviewetsisthatviolentcrimeisrampantandontherise.Asaresultmanypeopleliveinfearandmanymoresupporttheideaofever-largerpoliceforcestougherlawsandbiggerprisonswithoutconsideringtheactualcrimeratesintheircommunityoracrossthenation. DramaticincidentslikethesniperattacksintheWashingtonD.C.areainthefallof2002receivesomuchmediaattentionthatagaintheactualnumbersofpeopleaffectedandthelikelihoodofsuchattacksbeingrepeatedanywhereelsebecomewildlyexaggeratedinpeople’sminds.Inthemedia-fueledemotionalstatefollowingsuchspectaculardisasterstheeffortandexpenseofturningschoolsinfolockedfortressesorputtingcamerasoneverystreettomonitorsuspiciousindividualscanseeminsignificantcomparedtothehopeofkeepingourchildrensafefromharm.Yettrulyeffectivemeasuresrequireclearthinkingandclearlywordedpoliciesthatcitizensnotonlylawyersandpoliticians--canunderstand.Toooftenthelongtermfutureimplicationsofnewanticrimelawsandpoliciesarenotevenconsideredintherushtofeelsaferbytakingrapidandvisibleaction. Misleadingpracticesbyadvertisersareanothersubjectofpublicconcern.Governmentshavelonglimitedadsforalcoholandtobaccoproductsandexaminedclaimsbydrugcompaniescarmakersfoodsuppliersandtoymanufacturerstoprotectthepublichealth.Butadvertisingusesemotionalappealstoshifttheviewer’sfocusawayfromfacts.Viewerswhodonottakethetroubletodistinguishbetweenprovableclaimsandpleasantbutmeaninglesswordplayendupbuying"thesizzlenotthesteak"andoftenpayinghigh. Whichofthefollowingmayreflecttheauthor'sopinion
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Myinspirationismygrandmotherwho’sstillaliveat96.SheraisedmefromthetimeIwas8onadairyfarminWisconsin.InanothererashecouldhavedonewhatIdoalthoughIdidn’tknowwhataCEOwasthen.I’marealgo-getteranddon’tknowanyotherway.Itellmy12-year-olddaughterifyouhaveatestwhynottryforanAIdon’tbelieveinhalfdoingsomething.Inmycareerthebiggestshockcameinmy20’s.Ilovedmyjobasafieldsystemsanalystat3Mandwantedmyfirstmanager’sjobatheadquarters.TheyeventoldmeIwasthebestcandidatetotallyqualified.ThentheytoldmeIt’snotpossiblebecauseyou’reawoman.IwassoshockedthatIquit.IhadthisfeelingofbeingtotallyblownawayasIcrawledbacktoAtlanta.Ipreachtopeople:therearenobadbosses.Youlearnhownottotreatpeople.Myworstbosswasfullofhimselfandwantedtomicromanage.Themandidn’thaveacomplimentaryboneinhisbody.Istillhavemyperformancereviewhewroteinsmallanalprint.ItwaswinterinMinnesota.Ididn’twanttodrive.Iwasoutthedoorat5p.m.becausethebusleftthefrontdoorat5:06.HeputthatdowninmyreviewhowfastIwasoutthedoor.Itdidn’tmattertherestoftheyearIwasthereuntil6or7.LaterwhenIswitchedcompanies.Iattendedanoff-sitestrategymeetinginFlorida.Therewasabarbecueandthemeetingcontinuedonintotheevening.Myboss’bossthrewatowelacrosstheroomandsaidCleanupCarol.Icaughtthetowelwentoverandscrubbedhisface.EverybodyintheroomwentOhhhh.TheluckiestthinginmycareeristhatIhaveacomputersciencedegree.Doorsopenedwideatatimewhenitwasn’tnecessarilygreatforwomen.IfIcouldwaveamagicwandI’dhaveeverygirlpasscollegefreshmancalculus.Whatisthebiggestshockinthewriter’scareer
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytothe.effectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarⅡ4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswellknownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarth’sgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar. Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod1900-1945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17 Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Successfulbusinessestendtocontinueimplementingtheideasthatmadethemsuccessful.Butinarapidlychangingworldideasoftenbecomeobsoleteovernight.Whatworkedinthepastwon’tnecessarilyworkinthefuture.Inordertothriveinthefutureyoumustconstantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspectofyourbusiness.Infactyoumustcontinuallygeneratenewideasjusttokeepyourheadabovewater.Businessesthataren’tcreativeabouttheirfuturemaynotsurvive. AlthoughBillGatesistherichestmostsuccessfulmanontheplanethedidnotanticipatetheInternet.Nowhe’sscramblingtocatchup.IfBillGatescanmissamajoraspectofhisindustryitcanhappentoyouinyourindustry.Yourbusinessneedstocontinuallyinnovateandcreateitsfuture. GatesisnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureofMicrosoft.Here’swhathesaidinarecentinterviewinU.S.NewsWorldReport:"WillwebereplacedtomorrowNo.InaveryshorttimeframeMicrosoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.Butwhenyoulooktothetwo-tothree-yeartimeframeIdon’tthinkanyonecansaywithastraightfacethatanytechnologycompanyhasaguaranteedposition.NotIntelnotMicrosoftnotCompaqnotDelltakeanyofyourfavorites.Andthat’stotallyhonest." Youmayrememberthatin1985theCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebeat-sellingtoyonthemarketButafterColecoIndustriesintroducedtheirsensationallineofdollstheybecamecomplacentanddidn’tcreateanynewtoysworthmentioning.AsaresultColecowentbankruptin1988. Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongtermbecausetheyconstantlyreassesstheirsituationsandreinventthemselvesaccordingly.The3MCompanyhasa15%rule:Employeesareencouragedtospend15%oftheirtimedevelopingnewideasonanyprojecttheydesire.It’snosurprisethenthat3Mhasbeenaroundsince1902. Mostbusinessesarenotwillingtotearapartlastyear’smodelofsuccessandbuildanewone.Here’safamiliaranalogytoexplainwhytheyarelulledintocomplacency.Imaginethatyourbusinessislikeapetoflobsters.Tocooklobstersyouputthemintoapotofwarmwaterandgraduallyturnuptheheat.Thelobstersdon’trealizethey’rebeingcookedbecausetheprocessissegradual.Asaresulttheybecomecomplacentanddiewithoutastruggle.Howeverifyouthrowalobsterintothepotwhenthewaterisboilingitwilldesperatelytrytoescape.Thislobsterisnotlulledbyaslowlychangingenvironment.Itrealizesinstantlythatit’sinabadenvironmentandtakesimmediateactiontochangeitsstatus. Judgingfromthecontexttokeepyourheadabovewater’Line5ParA．1probablymeans
Successfulbusinessestendtocontinueimplementingtheideasthatmadethemsuccessful.Butinarapidlychangingworldideasoftenbecomeobsoleteovernight.Whatworkedinthepastwon’tnecessarilyworkinthefuture.Inordertothriveinthefutureyoumustconstantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspectofyourbusiness.Infactyoumustcontinuallygeneratenewideasjusttokeepyourheadabovewater.Businessesthataren’tcreativeabouttheirfuturemaynotsurvive. AlthoughBillGatesistherichestmostsuccessfulmanontheplanethedidnotanticipatetheInternet.Nowhe’sscramblingtocatchup.IfBillGatescanmissamajoraspectofhisindustryitcanhappentoyouinyourindustry.Yourbusinessneedstocontinuallyinnovateandcreateitsfuture. GatesisnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureofMicrosoft.Here’swhathesaidinarecentinterviewinU.S.NewsWorldReport:"WillwebereplacedtomorrowNo.InaveryshorttimeframeMicrosoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.Butwhenyoulooktothetwo-tothree-yeartimeframeIdon’tthinkanyonecansaywithastraightfacethatanytechnologycompanyhasaguaranteedposition.NotIntelnotMicrosoftnotCompaqnotDelltakeanyofyourfavorites.Andthat’stotallyhonest." Youmayrememberthatin1985theCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebeat-sellingtoyonthemarketButafterColecoIndustriesintroducedtheirsensationallineofdollstheybecamecomplacentanddidn’tcreateanynewtoysworthmentioning.AsaresultColecowentbankruptin1988. Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongtermbecausetheyconstantlyreassesstheirsituationsandreinventthemselvesaccordingly.The3MCompanyhasa15%rule:Employeesareencouragedtospend15%oftheirtimedevelopingnewideasonanyprojecttheydesire.It’snosurprisethenthat3Mhasbeenaroundsince1902. Mostbusinessesarenotwillingtotearapartlastyear’smodelofsuccessandbuildanewone.Here’safamiliaranalogytoexplainwhytheyarelulledintocomplacency.Imaginethatyourbusinessislikeapetoflobsters.Tocooklobstersyouputthemintoapotofwarmwaterandgraduallyturnuptheheat.Thelobstersdon’trealizethey’rebeingcookedbecausetheprocessissegradual.Asaresulttheybecomecomplacentanddiewithoutastruggle.Howeverifyouthrowalobsterintothepotwhenthewaterisboilingitwilldesperatelytrytoescape.Thislobsterisnotlulledbyaslowlychangingenvironment.Itrealizesinstantlythatit’sinabadenvironmentandtakesimmediateactiontochangeitsstatus. Byusingtheanalogyofthrowingalobsterintoapottheauthortriestoimplythat
Successfulbusinessestendtocontinueimplementingtheideasthatmadethemsuccessful.Butinarapidlychangingworldideasoftenbecomeobsoleteovernight.Whatworkedinthepastwon’tnecessarilyworkinthefuture.Inordertothriveinthefutureyoumustconstantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspectofyourbusiness.Infactyoumustcontinuallygeneratenewideasjusttokeepyourheadabovewater.Businessesthataren’tcreativeabouttheirfuturemaynotsurvive. AlthoughBillGatesistherichestmostsuccessfulmanontheplanethedidnotanticipatetheInternet.Nowhe’sscramblingtocatchup.IfBillGatescanmissamajoraspectofhisindustryitcanhappentoyouinyourindustry.Yourbusinessneedstocontinuallyinnovateandcreateitsfuture. GatesisnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureofMicrosoft.Here’swhathesaidinarecentinterviewinU.S.NewsWorldReport:"WillwebereplacedtomorrowNo.InaveryshorttimeframeMicrosoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.Butwhenyoulooktothetwo-tothree-yeartimeframeIdon’tthinkanyonecansaywithastraightfacethatanytechnologycompanyhasaguaranteedposition.NotIntelnotMicrosoftnotCompaqnotDelltakeanyofyourfavorites.Andthat’stotallyhonest." Youmayrememberthatin1985theCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebeat-sellingtoyonthemarketButafterColecoIndustriesintroducedtheirsensationallineofdollstheybecamecomplacentanddidn’tcreateanynewtoysworthmentioning.AsaresultColecowentbankruptin1988. Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongtermbecausetheyconstantlyreassesstheirsituationsandreinventthemselvesaccordingly.The3MCompanyhasa15%rule:Employeesareencouragedtospend15%oftheirtimedevelopingnewideasonanyprojecttheydesire.It’snosurprisethenthat3Mhasbeenaroundsince1902. Mostbusinessesarenotwillingtotearapartlastyear’smodelofsuccessandbuildanewone.Here’safamiliaranalogytoexplainwhytheyarelulledintocomplacency.Imaginethatyourbusinessislikeapetoflobsters.Tocooklobstersyouputthemintoapotofwarmwaterandgraduallyturnuptheheat.Thelobstersdon’trealizethey’rebeingcookedbecausetheprocessissegradual.Asaresulttheybecomecomplacentanddiewithoutastruggle.Howeverifyouthrowalobsterintothepotwhenthewaterisboilingitwilldesperatelytrytoescape.Thislobsterisnotlulledbyaslowlychangingenvironment.Itrealizesinstantlythatit’sinabadenvironmentandtakesimmediateactiontochangeitsstatus. ColecoIndustries’casesuggeststhat
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