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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the picture, 2)...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 20
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicture 2interpretthephenomenonand 3giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon.
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsasRogerandMeGeneralMotorsSuperSizeMeMcDonald’sorWal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./WhatdowelearnabouttheBushadministration’sproposalofnewrules
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./ThecaseofsecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansismentionedinParagraph4to______.
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 42
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. 48
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 6
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. 50
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 10
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. 46
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 4
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 16
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 8
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 44
LargelyforspiritualreasonsNancyManosstartedhome-schoolingherchildrenfiveyearsagoandhasstudiouslyavoidedpublicschoolseversince.Yetlastweekshewasenthusiasticallyenrollingher8-year-olddaughterOliviainsignlanguageandmoderndanceclassesatEagleridgeEnrichment—aprogramrunbytheMesaAriz.publicschoolsandtaughtbydistrictteachers.ManosstillwantstohandlethebasicsbutlikesthatEagleridgeofferstheextrasthingsIcouldn’tteach.Onedoubtthoughlingersinhermind.whywouldthepublicschoolsystemwanttoofferhome-schoolfamiliesanythingAbigpartoftheansweriseconomics.Thenumberofhome-schooledkidsnationwidehasrisentoasmanyas1.9millionfromanestimated345000in1994andschooldistrictsthatgetstateandlocaldollarsperchildarebeginningtosuffer.InMaricopaCountywhichincludesMesathenumberofhome-schooledkidshasmorethandoubledduringthatperiodto7526atabout$4500achildthat’snearly$34millionayearinlostrevenue.Noteveryone’shappywiththeseinnovations.Somestateshavetakentheoppositetack.LikeabouthalfthestatesWestVirginiarefusestoallowhome-schooledkidstoplaypublic-schoolsports.AndinArizonasomecomplainthattheirtaxdollarsarebeingusedtocreateprogramsforfamilieswhoessentiallyeschewparticipationinpubliclife.ThatmakesmyteethgritsaysDaphneAtkesonwhose10-year-oldsonattendspublicschoolinParadiseValley.Evensomecommittedhome-schoolersquestionthenewprogramsgiventheircentralirony.theyturnhome-schoolersintopublic-schoolstudentssaysBobParsonspresidentoftheAlaskaPrivateandHomeEducatorsAssociation.We’velostaboutonethirdofourmemberstothoseprograms.They’resoenticing.MesastartedEagleridgefouryearsagowhenitsawhowmuchmoneyitwaslosingfromhomeschoolers—andhowunpreparedsomestudentswerewhentheyre-enteredtheschools.Sinceitbegantheprogram’senrollmenthasnearlydoubledto397andlastyearthedistrictmovedEagleridgetoastripmallbetweenapizzajointandalaser-tagarcade.Parentstypicallydropofftheirkidsonceaweek;becausemostofthechildrenqualifyasquarter-timestudentsthedistrictcollects$911perchild.It’slikegettingatasteofwhatrealschoolislikesays10-year-oldChadLucaswho’slearningcomputeranimationandcreativewriting.Otherschooldistrictsarealsoexperimentingwithnovelwaystocourthomeschoolers.ThetownofGalenaAlaskapop.600hasjust178students.Butin1997itsschooladministratorsfiguredtheycouldreachbeyondtheirborders.Undertheprogramthedistrictgiveshome-schoolingfamiliesfreecomputersandInternetserviceforcorrespondenceclasses.Inreturnthedistrictgets$3100perstudentenrolledintheprogram—$9.6millionayearwhichithasusedpartlyforanewvocationalschool.Suchalternativesjustmightappealtootherdistricts.ErnestFeltyheadofHardinCountyschoolsinsouthernIllinoishas10home-schooledpupils.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch—exceptthathehasastaffof68andat$4500achildthat’sprobablyateacher’ssalaryFehysays.Withtherightroboticsorartclassthoughhecouldtakethehomeoutofhomeschooling.ThestatisticsinParagraphtwohelpsusdrawaconclusionthat______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 2
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 18
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.BysayingNowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Line3Paragraph3Philimplies______.
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers
LargelyforspiritualreasonsNancyManosstartedhome-schoolingherchildrenfiveyearsagoandhasstudiouslyavoidedpublicschoolseversince.Yetlastweekshewasenthusiasticallyenrollingher8-year-olddaughterOliviainsignlanguageandmoderndanceclassesatEagleridgeEnrichment—aprogramrunbytheMesaAriz.publicschoolsandtaughtbydistrictteachers.ManosstillwantstohandlethebasicsbutlikesthatEagleridgeofferstheextrasthingsIcouldn’tteach.Onedoubtthoughlingersinhermind.whywouldthepublicschoolsystemwanttoofferhome-schoolfamiliesanythingAbigpartoftheansweriseconomics.Thenumberofhome-schooledkidsnationwidehasrisentoasmanyas1.9millionfromanestimated345000in1994andschooldistrictsthatgetstateandlocaldollarsperchildarebeginningtosuffer.InMaricopaCountywhichincludesMesathenumberofhome-schooledkidshasmorethandoubledduringthatperiodto7526atabout$4500achildthat’snearly$34millionayearinlostrevenue.Noteveryone’shappywiththeseinnovations.Somestateshavetakentheoppositetack.LikeabouthalfthestatesWestVirginiarefusestoallowhome-schooledkidstoplaypublic-schoolsports.AndinArizonasomecomplainthattheirtaxdollarsarebeingusedtocreateprogramsforfamilieswhoessentiallyeschewparticipationinpubliclife.ThatmakesmyteethgritsaysDaphneAtkesonwhose10-year-oldsonattendspublicschoolinParadiseValley.Evensomecommittedhome-schoolersquestionthenewprogramsgiventheircentralirony.theyturnhome-schoolersintopublic-schoolstudentssaysBobParsonspresidentoftheAlaskaPrivateandHomeEducatorsAssociation.We’velostaboutonethirdofourmemberstothoseprograms.They’resoenticing.MesastartedEagleridgefouryearsagowhenitsawhowmuchmoneyitwaslosingfromhomeschoolers—andhowunpreparedsomestudentswerewhentheyre-enteredtheschools.Sinceitbegantheprogram’senrollmenthasnearlydoubledto397andlastyearthedistrictmovedEagleridgetoastripmallbetweenapizzajointandalaser-tagarcade.Parentstypicallydropofftheirkidsonceaweek;becausemostofthechildrenqualifyasquarter-timestudentsthedistrictcollects$911perchild.It’slikegettingatasteofwhatrealschoolislikesays10-year-oldChadLucaswho’slearningcomputeranimationandcreativewriting.Otherschooldistrictsarealsoexperimentingwithnovelwaystocourthomeschoolers.ThetownofGalenaAlaskapop.600hasjust178students.Butin1997itsschooladministratorsfiguredtheycouldreachbeyondtheirborders.Undertheprogramthedistrictgiveshome-schoolingfamiliesfreecomputersandInternetserviceforcorrespondenceclasses.Inreturnthedistrictgets$3100perstudentenrolledintheprogram—$9.6millionayearwhichithasusedpartlyforanewvocationalschool.Suchalternativesjustmightappealtootherdistricts.ErnestFeltyheadofHardinCountyschoolsinsouthernIllinoishas10home-schooledpupils.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch—exceptthathehasastaffof68andat$4500achildthat’sprobablyateacher’ssalaryFehysays.Withtherightroboticsorartclassthoughhecouldtakethehomeoutofhomeschooling.Thepublicschoolsystemwantstoofferhome-schoolfamiliessomethingbecause______.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./Whichofthefollowingstatementbestsummarizesthetext
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 14
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.ThekeyfactorcontributingtothedownturnofAmericansuburbanrealestateis______.
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Bysayingbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowersLine3Paragraph4Dr.Fowlerintendstoshowthat______.
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheopeningparagraph
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 12
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 2
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