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In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordo...
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Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemest
Directions:YouaregoingtostudyattheUniversityofCard
下列程序段的执行结果为a=95Ifa＞60Thendegree=1Ifa＞70Thendegree=
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
短文填词共10小题每小题1分满分10分Thirtyyearsagothesalesstaffatde
Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethisseme
Java语言由下列哪个公司发布的
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHindus
pessimistic.
objective.
scared.
biased.
第二节短文填词共10小题每小题1分满分10分Thirtyyearsagothesalesstaffa
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程序有错误
9 9
AmericanUniversitiesandCollegesHighereducationisgi
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下列程序段的执行结果为a=95Ifa＞60Thendegree=1Ifa＞70Thendegree=
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
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AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Wecanlearnedfromthetextthatcloningtechniqueswouldbeappliedto
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketclosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa$6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidinthenearterm’buttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheFoundingFathers’ideasisoneof
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.Theseparationofreligionandstatewasdesignedmainlyto
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketclosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa$6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidinthenearterm’buttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothersitsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41__________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42__________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43__________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44__________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45__________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouch’physicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 44
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Welearnfromthetextthatusersofwirelessproductsaremoreoftenthannotconfrontedwith
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothersitsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41__________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42__________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43__________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44__________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45__________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouch’physicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 42
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.Whichofthefollowingcannotdescribethepublic’sopinionsthegovernment
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheprospectofcloningseemstobethatof
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytoldand 2pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedt-obeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife...
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface.
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Howdidmobileradiosystemsfinditsbusinesscompetitiveness
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