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试论始终做到“三个代表”，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源。
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三个代表是我们党的立党之本执政之基力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的立党之本执政 之基力量之源
三个代表重要思想是我们党的立党之本执政之基力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
立国之本
执政之基
力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
执政兴国的第一要务
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
建党之基
始终做到三个代表是我们党的______
立党之本；
执政之基；
凝聚之根；
力量之源。
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
凝聚之源
力量之源
三个代表重要思想是我们党的
立国之本、 执政之基、 力量之源
立党之本、 强国之基、 力量之源
立党之本、 执政之基、 力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
指导思想标准
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
执政之基.立党之本.力量之源
立党之本.力量之源.执政之基
立党之本.执政之基.力量之源
三个代表重要思想是我们党的立党之本执政之基力量之源正确
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
治国之策
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
始终做到是我们党的立党之本执政之基力量之源
立党为公
执政为民
“三个代表”
与时俱进
三个代表是我们党的立党之本执政之基力量之源
三个代表重要思想是我们党的_________
立国之本、执政之基、力量之源
立党之本、强国之基、力量之源
立党之本、执政之基、力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
第一要务
力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
始终做到三个代表是我们党的①立党之本②执政之基③第一要务④力量之源
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①②③
②③④
①②③④
始终做到三个代表是我们党的
立党之本
执政之基
力量之源
发展要求
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PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Theexampleofacustomerbuyingahandbagisusedtoshowthat
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Theauthorseemstoimplyinthepassagethat
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.GordonBrown’smajorconcernis
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Accordingtothepassagedrugcompanyrepresentatives
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.LarryFreedattributedlowcustomersatisfactiontothefactthat
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Thepublicattitudetowardsofficialfiguresseemstoberather
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Loggingisnotbannedchieflybecause
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Whichofthefollowingisareasonforthelegalizationofthehempplant
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Mr.Magee’sattitudetowardsusingvideosinE-commerceseemstobe
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutPfizer
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Mr.Brown’sbudgetsurplusnowlookedrespectable-soundingbecause
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thedrugcompaniesarewillingtopayleadingdoctorsto
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thephraseoff-labelline4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.AccordingtosomescientistsHempsarepreferabletotreeschieflybecause
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