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韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下，纠集好友把张某挟持至韩家，并给张家打电话，声称如果再不还钱，就砍掉张某一只手。韩某的作为( )。
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韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下纠集好友把张某挟持至韩家并给张家打电话声称如果再不还钱就砍掉张某一只
韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下纠集好友把张某挟持至韩家并给张家打电话声称如果再不还钱就砍掉张某一只
构成非法拘禁罪
构成绑架罪
构成非法拘禁罪和绑架罪的想象竞合犯
构成敲诈勒索罪
韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下纠集好友把张某挟持至自己家声称如果再不还钱就砍掉张某一只手并将张某殴
非法拘禁罪
绑架罪
故意伤害罪
敲诈勒索罪
韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下纠集好友把张某挟持至韩家并给张家打电话声称如果再不还钱就砍掉张某一只
构成非法拘禁罪
构成绑架罪
构成非法拘禁罪和绑架罪的想象竞合犯
构成敲诈勒索罪
2005年 韩某在向张某催要赌债无果的情况下纠集好友把张某挟持至韩家并给张家打电话声称如果再不还钱
构成非法拘禁罪
构成绑架罪
构成非法拘禁罪和绑架罪的想象竞合犯
构成敲诈勒索罪
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U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Drugaddictionisbeingviewedasadiseasebecause
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whycanmanypeopleseesilverliningstotheeconomicslowdown
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. AccordingtothetextU.S.prisoners
1Interpretthefollowingpictures. 2Predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons.
YouborrowedsomerecentissuesofU.S.businessmagazinefromyourprofessoramonthagobutdelayedreturningthem.Writealetterofapologytoyourprofessorstatingyourreasonsforthedelayandexpressingyourthanks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. Jugglingone’’slifeprobablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby______.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry ItcanbeinferredthatallofthefollowingaffectthemovementofspeciesEXCEPT
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry AccordingtothetexttheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. MoreandmoreAmericansfavorallofthefollowingEXCEPT
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