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"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.7
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.9
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 45
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thewordpeer-groupLine4Para.1mostprobablymeansagroupinwhich
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 43
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.19
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.5
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.15
46Duringtheadolescencethedevelopmentofpoliticalideologybecomesapparentintheindividual;ideologyhereisdefinedasthepresenceofroughlyconsistentattitudesmoreorlessorganizedinreferencetoamoreencompassingsetofgeneralprinciples.Assuchpoliticalideologyisdimorabsentatthebeginningofadolescence.Itsacquisitionbytheadolescentineventhemostmodestsenserequirestheacquisitionofrelativelysophisticatedcognitiveskills:theabilitytomanageabstractnesstosynthesizeandgeneralizetoimaginethefuture.Theseareaccompaniedbyasteadyadvanceintheabilitytounderstandprinciples. Thechild’srapidacquisitionofpoliticalknowledgealsopromotesthegrowthofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence.47ByknowledgeImeanmorethanthedull"facts"suchasthecompositionofcountrygovernmentthatthechildisexposedtointheconventionalninth-gradeschoolcourse.NordoImeanonlyinformationoncurrentpoliticalrealities.48Thesearefactsofknowledgebuttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent’sabsorptionofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundofunderstandingforexamplewhatthestatecan"appropriately"demandofitscitizensandviceversaorthe"proper"relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutionssuchastheschoolsandchurches.Thuspoliticalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefacts.49Muchofthenaivetéthatcharacterizestheyoungeradolescent’sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfromanignoranceof"facts"butfromanincompletecomprehensionofthecommonconventionsofthesystemofwhatisandisnotcustomarilydoneandofhowandwhyitisorisnotdone. YetIdonotwanttooveremphasizethesignificanceofincreasedpoliticalknowledgeinformingadolescentideology.OvertheyearsIhavebecomeprogressivelydisenchantedaboutthecentralityofsuchknowledgeandhavecometobelievethatmuchcurrentworkinpoliticalsocializationbyrelyingtooheavilyonitsapparentacquisitionhasbeenmisledaboutthetempoofpoliticalunderstandinginadolescence.50Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordinationyoungadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation. Children’smindspickupbitsandpiecesofdatabutuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheencompassingfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovidethedataremainfragmentedrandomdisordered. 47
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.
46Duringtheadolescencethedevelopmentofpoliticalideologybecomesapparentintheindividual;ideologyhereisdefinedasthepresenceofroughlyconsistentattitudesmoreorlessorganizedinreferencetoamoreencompassingsetofgeneralprinciples.Assuchpoliticalideologyisdimorabsentatthebeginningofadolescence.Itsacquisitionbytheadolescentineventhemostmodestsenserequirestheacquisitionofrelativelysophisticatedcognitiveskills:theabilitytomanageabstractnesstosynthesizeandgeneralizetoimaginethefuture.Theseareaccompaniedbyasteadyadvanceintheabilitytounderstandprinciples. Thechild’srapidacquisitionofpoliticalknowledgealsopromotesthegrowthofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence.47ByknowledgeImeanmorethanthedull"facts"suchasthecompositionofcountrygovernmentthatthechildisexposedtointheconventionalninth-gradeschoolcourse.NordoImeanonlyinformationoncurrentpoliticalrealities.48Thesearefactsofknowledgebuttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent’sabsorptionofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundofunderstandingforexamplewhatthestatecan"appropriately"demandofitscitizensandviceversaorthe"proper"relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutionssuchastheschoolsandchurches.Thuspoliticalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefacts.49Muchofthenaivetéthatcharacterizestheyoungeradolescent’sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfromanignoranceof"facts"butfromanincompletecomprehensionofthecommonconventionsofthesystemofwhatisandisnotcustomarilydoneandofhowandwhyitisorisnotdone. YetIdonotwanttooveremphasizethesignificanceofincreasedpoliticalknowledgeinformingadolescentideology.OvertheyearsIhavebecomeprogressivelydisenchantedaboutthecentralityofsuchknowledgeandhavecometobelievethatmuchcurrentworkinpoliticalsocializationbyrelyingtooheavilyonitsapparentacquisitionhasbeenmisledaboutthetempoofpoliticalunderstandinginadolescence.50Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordinationyoungadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation. Children’smindspickupbitsandpiecesofdatabutuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheencompassingfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovidethedataremainfragmentedrandomdisordered. 49
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.1
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.13
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.ThewordrectifyLine8Para.1mostprobablymeans
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.11
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.3
AclassactionlawsuithasbeenfiledagainstaprominentTorontodoctorbypatientswhoallegeheinjectedabannedsubstanceintotheirfacesforcosmeticpurposes.ThedoctorhadalreadybeeninvestigatedmorethanthreeyearsagoforusingtheliquidsiliconeaproductnotauthorizedforuseinCanada.Somepatientssaytheyarenowsufferinghealthproblemsandthinktheliquidsiliconemaybetoblame.OneofthosepatientsisAnnaBarbiero.ShesaysherTorontodermatologisttoldherhewasusingliquidsiliconetosmoothoutwrinkles.Whatshesayshedidn’ttellheristhatitisn’tapprovedforuseinCanada.Ididn’tknowwhatliquidsiliconewasandhejustcalledit’liquidgold’Barbieroremembers.AfterherlasttreatmentAnnadiscoveredDr.SheldonPollackhadbeenorderedtostopusingthesiliconetwoyearsearlierbyHealthCanada.Expertssaysiliconecanmigratethroughthebodyandcauseinflammationanddeformities.MyupperlipisalwaysnumbanditburnsBarbierosays.Barbieroisspearheadingalawsuitagainstthedoctorwhoherlawyerthinksmightinvolveupto100patientsinjectedwiththesamematerial.ThefactaphysicianofhisstaturewoulduseanunauthorizedproductonapatientbecausehethoughtitwasokayisreallyverydisturbingsayslawyerDouglasElliott.Ontario’sCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsOCPSisalsoinvestigatingDr.Pollacktoseeifinfacthecontinuedtousethesiliconeafteragreeingtostopandwhetherhewroteinpatientrecordsthatheusedanotherlegalproductwhenhehadusedsilicone.HoweverinalettertotheCollegeDr.PollackwrotethathehadalwaystoldpatientsthatthesiliconewasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadaandhadwarnedthemoftherisks.AndinBarbiero’scase...atthetimeofherfirstvisitpriortohereverreceivingIGLStreatmentIspecificallyinformedherthatthematerialwasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadabytheHealthProtectionBranchandthatIdidreceivethematerialfromoutsidethecountry...IwouldliketoemphasizethatasisevidentonMs.Barbiero’schartIdrewaspecificdiagramonthechartwhich1carefullydiscussedwithandexplainedtoMs.BarbieroasIdowitheveryotherpatienttoexplainthenatureandlikelihoodofpossiblecomplicationsandthereasonsandconsequencesofthosepossiblecomplications.Dr.PollackdeclinedtospeaktoCTVNewsortohavehislawyerdiscussthecase.Noneoftheallegationshavebeenprovenincourt.Butthecaseraisesquestionsabouttheabilityofgoverningbodiestomonitordoctors.There’salargermessageandthatis.buyerbewaresaysNancyNeilsenofCosmeticSurgeryCanada.It’sincumbentonconsumerstodotheirresearch./Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
Whydon’tmostpeoplesetandachievepersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsGoalsettingisapositivepowerfulpracticewhenitignitesenthusiasmandprovidescleardirection. Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingalsohasaseriousdownsidewhichcanundermineyoursuccess.Poorgoalsettingmakespeopleupsetwastestheirtimeandfostersconfusionaboutwheretoconcentrateactionsandenergy.Howdoessuchapotentiallysuccessfulpracticeasgoalsettinggowrongsooften Goalsettingonceexecutedpoorlythoughtlesslyorforthewrongreasonscanhaveasignificantnegativeimpactonbothpeopleandyourorganizationbusinessplan.Avoidthesefivemisusesofapotentiallypositivepowerfulpractice:goalsettingforpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoals. 41.GoalSettingUnderIntimidation Sometimesintimidationbringsdrivingforcewhichstimulatesstaffmemberstogoonbutusuallyitonlyincursfears.Organizationsoftenfailtoachievegoalsandstrategicplanningtargetsthataresettopdownbyexecutiveswholackcrucialinformationandareoutoftouchwithstaffchallenges. Thegoalsareunrealisticandtheyfailtoconsiderorganizationresourcesandcapabilities.Staffmembersdon’tbelievethattherewardstheywillreceiveforgoalaccomplishmentwillequaltheenergytheyinvesttoachievethem.Frequentlymanagersareintimidatedwhentheyfearjoblossforfailure. 42.GoalsIntendedtoImpressNotGuideEfforts WilliamHamiltonsays"’Duringtheroaringcrazydaysofthedot.cornninetiesusinggoalstoimpresswascommonplacealthoughorganizationsalsoutilizedthistechniquelongbeforetheInternetarrivedinthisprocessmanagementcreatesgoalsbasedonthedesiretoimpressormisleadoutsidegroups." AccordingtoHamiltonthisprocessis"alsousedtoavoidseriousanalysisofthecompanyandthemarketplace.Attheendofthetimeperiodthesegoalscanthenbeusedbyseniormanagementtopassthebuckandtheblameforthefailuretomeetthegoals. Thefirstpartofthisarticleemphasizedseveralproblemswithhoworganizationssetgoals.Additionalpotentialproblemswithsettingpersonalgoalscareergoalsandbusinessgoalsincludethefollowing. 43.Can’tSeeBeyondOne’sNose Inanefforttomeetthecurrentperiod’sgoalsthelong-termviabilityoftheorganizationisputatrisk. 44.GoalSettingBecomesAboutthePlanNottheExecution Hamiltonsaysapotentialseriousdownsideoccurswhen"theratioofenergytimeandcreativitythatgoesintocreatingthegoaloutstripsandcomesoutofthehideofactuallymanagingtheproduct." 45.TooManyGoalsMakeNothingaPriority Inmyworkwithsmallandmid-sizedmanufacturingcompaniesIoftenfindthatpeoplewearsomanyhatstheyareoverwhelmedwiththesheernumberofgoalstheyareexpectedtomeet.Theydon’tknowwhatismostimportanttoaccomplishnext. Inconclusiongoalsettingisapositivepowerfulbusinesspracticewhenittellsyourstaffwhereyouaregoing.Effectivegoalsettingalsodemonstrateswhatsuccesswilllooklikeduringthejourneyanduponarrival.Whenpracticedpoorlyhowevergoalsettingcannegativelyimpactyourorganizationinallthewaysdescribedandmore. [A]Suchas:takeabigdreamlike"Iwanttobefamous"andbreakitdownintomorestepslike"!wanttostarinasciencefictionmovie""Iwanttogotothreeauditionsaweek""IwanttomovetoL.A."and"Iwanttosave$5000soIcanmove". [B]Suchas:useexpensivepromotionsthatactuallygeneratelessinsalesthantheycostorpushexpensesintothefutureratherthanaccountingforthemwhenincurred. [C]Tointernalstaffmemberswhowereoftenunconvincedandunmovedbytheunrealistic"’showgoals"seniormanagement’sactionsproducedseriousmoraleandcompetency-questioningissues.Tostaffmemberswhoboughtintotheeuphoriafailuretoachievethegoalswasadeadlydownwardspiral. [D]AformerSiebelSystemsexecutivesays"MynightmaregoalsettingstoryofalltimewashowSiebelsetsalesgoalsforitsDistrictManagers:everyone’squotawas$3.5million.Therenomorethoughtneededtogointoitnodiscussion--justdoitoryou’refired!SotheDistrictManagercallingonCitibankhadthesamequotaastheDistrictManagercallingontheStatesofLouisianaMississippiandAlabama.Asaresultnoonesucceeded. [E]InonesmallmanufacturingcompanyamanagementgroupdecidedtouseGanttchartstotrackgoalaccomplishment.Afterstartingwithahugeinvestmentoftimeinmakingthechartsforalloftheirgoalsthemanagementgroupsoonabandonedthecharting.Whenquestionedlatertheyaffirmedthatthechartingwastakingtoomuchofthetimetheyneededtoaccomplishthegoals. [F]Ioncefacilitatedastrategicplanningsessionduringwhichpeopleanalyzedandestablishedpriorities.Theymovednon-priorityitemstoa"B"listandbelievedtheyhadsuccessfullycreatedan"A"listofthemostimportantachievablegoals.Youcanimaginemyconsternationwhenattheendofthesessiontheseniormanagerlookedatthelistofgoalsonthe"B"listandsaid"Theseareallgivens.Wehavetoaccomplishtheseanyway." 41
WhenacustomerclaimedtohavefoundaseveredfingerinabowlofchiliservedataWendy’sfastfoodfranchiseinCaliforniathechain’ssalesfellbyhalfintheSanJos6areawheretheincidentwasreported.Wendy’sbrandandreputationwereatriskuntiltheclaimwasexposedasahoaxinlateAprilandthecompanyoperatorofAmerica’sthirdbiggesthamburgerchainwasvindicated.YetthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationaltheparentcompanyrosesteadilythroughMarchandAprildespitethefingerfuroreanddowngradesfromanalysts.OnereasonwasheavybuyingbyhedgefundsledbyPershingSquareCapital.ThisWeekPershingmadeitsintentionspublicsayingthatitwasworriedbymarketrumorsthatWendy’smightsoonbuymorefastfoodbrandsandarguingthatthefirmshouldbesellingassetsinstead.Pershing’sapproachindicatesrisingpressureonAmericanrestaurantcompaniestoperformatatimewhentheindustry’sgrowthprospectslookincreasinglytough.Thehitoncustomers’walletsfromhigherpetrolpricesandrisinginterestrateswillprobablymeanthatyearonyearsalesgrowthacrosstheAmericanrestaurantindustryslowstojust1%bythefourthquarterof2005downfromafiveyearhistoricaverageof5.6%sayUBSaninvestmentbankandGlobalInsightaforecastinggroup.LookingfurtheraheadsaysUBS’sDavidPalmertheindustrymayhavetostoprelyingonmostofthelongtermtrendsthatwerebehindmuchofitsrecentgrowth.ThreequartersofAmericansalreadylivewithinthreemilesofaMcDonald’srestaurantleavinglittlescopeforgreen-fieldgrowth.ObesityisagrowingissueinAmericaandwithitcomethethreatofliabilitylawsuitsagainstbigrestaurantchainsandperhapslegallimitsonadvertising.ThisweekAmerica’sbiggestfoodtradegrouptheGroceryManufacturers’Associationwassaidtobepreparingtougherguidelinesonthemarketingoffoodtochildreninthehopeofstavingoffstatutorycontrols.Homecookingmayalsobemakingacomebackhelpedbytwofactors.ThepercentageofwomenjoiningAmerica’sworkforcemayhavepeakedandsupermarketchainssuchasWal-Marthavebeenforcingdownretailfoodprices.ExpansionoverseasisoneoptionforAmericanrestaurantchains.BurgerKingtheprivatelyownednumbertwohamburgerchainopeneditsfirstoutletinChinalastmonthapparentlyaimingtomaintainstronggrowthaheadofaninitialpublicofferingnextyear.McDonald’shas600outletsinChinaandplans400more.Butathomethefutureseemstoholdonlyanevenmorecompetitiveandcost-consciousrestaurantindustry.FastfoodchainsaretryingtopoachcustomersfromcasualdiningchainssuchasApplebee’sNeighborhoodGrillwhilethosechainsaresqueezingoutindependentrestaurantsunabletocompeteoncostorinmarketingclout.Businessconditionsnotseveredfingersaretherealthreattotheweakerfirmsintherestaurantbusiness.WhydidthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationalrisesteadilyaftertheseveredfingerincident
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.MarceloandCarlaSuarze-Orozcohavealsofoundintheirstudythat
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.IntheUnitedStatewhenyoungpeoplegetmarried
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat
AclassactionlawsuithasbeenfiledagainstaprominentTorontodoctorbypatientswhoallegeheinjectedabannedsubstanceintotheirfacesforcosmeticpurposes.ThedoctorhadalreadybeeninvestigatedmorethanthreeyearsagoforusingtheliquidsiliconeaproductnotauthorizedforuseinCanada.Somepatientssaytheyarenowsufferinghealthproblemsandthinktheliquidsiliconemaybetoblame.OneofthosepatientsisAnnaBarbiero.ShesaysherTorontodermatologisttoldherhewasusingliquidsiliconetosmoothoutwrinkles.Whatshesayshedidn’ttellheristhatitisn’tapprovedforuseinCanada.Ididn’tknowwhatliquidsiliconewasandhejustcalledit’liquidgold’Barbieroremembers.AfterherlasttreatmentAnnadiscoveredDr.SheldonPollackhadbeenorderedtostopusingthesiliconetwoyearsearlierbyHealthCanada.Expertssaysiliconecanmigratethroughthebodyandcauseinflammationanddeformities.MyupperlipisalwaysnumbanditburnsBarbierosays.Barbieroisspearheadingalawsuitagainstthedoctorwhoherlawyerthinksmightinvolveupto100patientsinjectedwiththesamematerial.ThefactaphysicianofhisstaturewoulduseanunauthorizedproductonapatientbecausehethoughtitwasokayisreallyverydisturbingsayslawyerDouglasElliott.Ontario’sCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsOCPSisalsoinvestigatingDr.Pollacktoseeifinfacthecontinuedtousethesiliconeafteragreeingtostopandwhetherhewroteinpatientrecordsthatheusedanotherlegalproductwhenhehadusedsilicone.HoweverinalettertotheCollegeDr.PollackwrotethathehadalwaystoldpatientsthatthesiliconewasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadaandhadwarnedthemoftherisks.AndinBarbiero’scase...atthetimeofherfirstvisitpriortohereverreceivingIGLStreatmentIspecificallyinformedherthatthematerialwasnotapprovedforsaleinCanadabytheHealthProtectionBranchandthatIdidreceivethematerialfromoutsidethecountry...IwouldliketoemphasizethatasisevidentonMs.Barbiero’schartIdrewaspecificdiagramonthechartwhich1carefullydiscussedwithandexplainedtoMs.BarbieroasIdowitheveryotherpatienttoexplainthenatureandlikelihoodofpossiblecomplicationsandthereasonsandconsequencesofthosepossiblecomplications.Dr.PollackdeclinedtospeaktoCTVNewsortohavehislawyerdiscussthecase.Noneoftheallegationshavebeenprovenincourt.Butthecaseraisesquestionsabouttheabilityofgoverningbodiestomonitordoctors.There’salargermessageandthatis.buyerbewaresaysNancyNeilsenofCosmeticSurgeryCanada.It’sincumbentonconsumerstodotheirresearch./WhatdoestheinvestigationofOCPSwanttofind
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thereasonwhymanyelderlypeoplechoosetoliveinretirementcommunitiesisthat
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.Thestatementtheyalsofrequentlyactas’culturalambassadors’Line2Para.4impliesthat
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardpreparationsforwar
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Accordingtothetextschoolsatthepresenttime
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995
WhenacustomerclaimedtohavefoundaseveredfingerinabowlofchiliservedataWendy’sfastfoodfranchiseinCaliforniathechain’ssalesfellbyhalfintheSanJos6areawheretheincidentwasreported.Wendy’sbrandandreputationwereatriskuntiltheclaimwasexposedasahoaxinlateAprilandthecompanyoperatorofAmerica’sthirdbiggesthamburgerchainwasvindicated.YetthesharepriceofWendy’sInternationaltheparentcompanyrosesteadilythroughMarchandAprildespitethefingerfuroreanddowngradesfromanalysts.OnereasonwasheavybuyingbyhedgefundsledbyPershingSquareCapital.ThisWeekPershingmadeitsintentionspublicsayingthatitwasworriedbymarketrumorsthatWendy’smightsoonbuymorefastfoodbrandsandarguingthatthefirmshouldbesellingassetsinstead.Pershing’sapproachindicatesrisingpressureonAmericanrestaurantcompaniestoperformatatimewhentheindustry’sgrowthprospectslookincreasinglytough.Thehitoncustomers’walletsfromhigherpetrolpricesandrisinginterestrateswillprobablymeanthatyearonyearsalesgrowthacrosstheAmericanrestaurantindustryslowstojust1%bythefourthquarterof2005downfromafiveyearhistoricaverageof5.6%sayUBSaninvestmentbankandGlobalInsightaforecastinggroup.LookingfurtheraheadsaysUBS’sDavidPalmertheindustrymayhavetostoprelyingonmostofthelongtermtrendsthatwerebehindmuchofitsrecentgrowth.ThreequartersofAmericansalreadylivewithinthreemilesofaMcDonald’srestaurantleavinglittlescopeforgreen-fieldgrowth.ObesityisagrowingissueinAmericaandwithitcomethethreatofliabilitylawsuitsagainstbigrestaurantchainsandperhapslegallimitsonadvertising.ThisweekAmerica’sbiggestfoodtradegrouptheGroceryManufacturers’Associationwassaidtobepreparingtougherguidelinesonthemarketingoffoodtochildreninthehopeofstavingoffstatutorycontrols.Homecookingmayalsobemakingacomebackhelpedbytwofactors.ThepercentageofwomenjoiningAmerica’sworkforcemayhavepeakedandsupermarketchainssuchasWal-Marthavebeenforcingdownretailfoodprices.ExpansionoverseasisoneoptionforAmericanrestaurantchains.BurgerKingtheprivatelyownednumbertwohamburgerchainopeneditsfirstoutletinChinalastmonthapparentlyaimingtomaintainstronggrowthaheadofaninitialpublicofferingnextyear.McDonald’shas600outletsinChinaandplans400more.Butathomethefutureseemstoholdonlyanevenmorecompetitiveandcost-consciousrestaurantindustry.FastfoodchainsaretryingtopoachcustomersfromcasualdiningchainssuchasApplebee’sNeighborhoodGrillwhilethosechainsaresqueezingoutindependentrestaurantsunabletocompeteoncostorinmarketingclout.Businessconditionsnotseveredfingersaretherealthreattotheweakerfirmsintherestaurantbusiness.HowcanAmericanrestaurantchainsacceleratetheirbusiness
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