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"Makingmoneyisadirtygame"saystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture. RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism. Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivethe"entrepreneurialculture"whichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountryto"communicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise". Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists. EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise. Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld. ThewordsordidLine4.Para.1implies
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
WinstonChurchillwhofoughtontheAfghanborderin1897.warnedofthedangersofpeacekeepingamongthePathansandofmixingpoliticsandwar46"Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfort...withbattlementsturrets[and]drawbridges`Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitshate;everyclan.itsfeud. "Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgottenandveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid...47ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleysnourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwaterarefertileen0ught9yieldwithlittlelabourthematerialrequirementsofasmallpopulation. "Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:thebreech-loadingrifleandtheBritishgovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecondacontinuoustrouble.Theconvenienceofthebreech-loadingandstillmoreofthemagazineriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.48Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway... "TheactionoftheBritishgovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganisingadvancingabsorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthana’monstrousspoil-sport. "Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome.hadafightandthengoneawayagain...Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys...Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquietnottoshootoneanother.andaboveallnotmshootattravellersalongtheroad.49Itwastoomuchtoaskandawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource. "ThePoliticalOfficerswhoaccompaniedtheforce...wereveryunpopularwiththearmyofficers...50Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot.Wehadwithusaverybrilliantpoliticalofficer...whowasmuchdislikedbecausehealwaysstoppedmilitaryoperations.Justwhenwewerelookingforwardtohavingasplendidfightandall-thegunswereloadedandeveryonekeyedup[he]wouldcomealongandputastoptoit." Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.
"Makingmoneyisadirtygame"saystheInstituteofEconomicAffairs.summinguptheattitudeofBritishnoveliststowardsbusiness.TheIEA.afreemarketthink-tankhasjustpublishedacollectionofessaysTheRepresentationofBusinessinEnglishLiteraturebyfiveacademicschroniclingthehostilityofthecountry’smenandwomenofletterstothesordidbusinessofmakingmoney.TheimplicationisthatBritain’seconomicperformanceIsretardedbyananti-industrialculture. RatherthanblamingrebelliousworkersandincompetentmanagersforBritain’seconomicworries.thenwecanputGeorgeOrwellandMartinAmisinthedockinstead.FromDickens’sScroogetoAmis’sJohnSelfinhis1980snovelMoneynovelistshaveconjureduparogue’sgalleryofmean.greedyamoralmoney-menthathasalienatedtheirimpressionablereadersfromthenoblepursuitofcapitalism. Theargumenthasbeenwellmadebeforemostfamouslyin1981byMartinWiener.anAmericanacademicinhisEnglishCultureandtheDeclineoftheIndustrialSpirit.LadyThatcherwasanadmirerofMr.Wiener’s.andsheledacrusadetorevivethe"entrepreneurialculture"whichtheliberalelitehadallegedlytrampledunderfoot.ThepresentChancelloroftheExchequerGordonBrownsoundsasthoughheagreeswithher.AtarecentspeechtotheConfederationofBritishIndustryhedeclaredthatitshouldbethedutyofeveryteacherinthecountryto"communicatethevirtuesofbusinessandenterprise". Certainlymostnovelistsarehostiletocapitalismbutthisrefrainrisksscapegoatingwritersforfailingsforwhichtheyarenottoblame.Britain’scultureisnomoreanti-businessthanthatofothercountries.TheRomanticMovement.whichstartedasareactionagainsttheindustrialrevolutionofthe21stcenturywasbornandflourishedinGermanybuthasnotstoppedtheGermansfrombeingEurope’smostsuccessfulentreprcneursandindustrialists. EventheAmericansareguiltyofblackeningbusiness’sname.SMERSHandSPECTREwentourwiththecoldwarJamesBondnowtakesoninternationalmediamagnatesratherthanRosaKleb.HisfilmssuchasErinBrockovichhavepitcheddowntroddenmoralheroesagainsttheeviloffacelesscorporatism.YetnoneofthisseemstohavedentedAmerica’slustforfreeenterprise. Theironyisthatthenovelflourishedasanartformonlyafterandasaresultof.thecreationofthenewcommercialclassesofVictorianEnglandjustasthemodemHollywoodfilmcanexistonlyinaneraofmassconsumerism.Perhapsthemoralisthatcapitalistsocietiesconsumeliteratureandfilmtoletoffsteamratherthantochangetheworld. AmericanacademicMartinWiener’sargument
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. Theauthorassociatestheissueoffunctionismwithpost-warmodernistarchitecturebecause
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. WhichstatementisprobablyTRUE
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. ThisnovelisattentivetoeachofthefollowingEXCEPT
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. Thesecondparagraphtellsus
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. Anargumentmadebysupportersoffunctionismisthat
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. FIAwouldgiveitspartnertherighttostagetheracingtill
Afteritsmisadventuresin1993.whenAmericanmarinesweredrivenoutofSomaliabyskinnygunmenAmericahasusedalongspooninsuppingwithSomalia’swarlords.This.tikesomuchelsechangedonSeptember11th.41 Clandestine.uptoapoint:withinhoursofthearrivalinBaidoaofninecloselycroppedAmericanssportingmatchingsatellitephonesandshadestheiractivitieswerebroadcast.Aftermeetingvariouswarlordsthegroupinspectedacompoundthathadapparentlybeenofferedtothemastheirfuturebase.Theyalsosawanoldmilitarydepot.Neithercanhavebeenencouraging:thecompoundhasbeentakenoverbywar-displacedfamiliesandthedepotbythorn-scrub. Americawasalreadyconvincedofal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.IthadlistedaSomaliIslamicgroupal-ltihaadal-IslamiyaIslamicUnityasaterroristorganisation.42.ItfearsthatlawlessSomaliacouldbecomeahavenforescapesfromAfghanistan.TheAmericannavyIscurrentlypatrollingthecountry’slongcoastlinewhilespyplanesaresaidtobecrisscrossingtheheavens. 43.WithalittlebitofhelphetoldhisAmericanvisitorshewouldbeready"toliberatethecountryfromtheseevilforces".AmericahadalreadyheardasmuchthroughitsembassiesinNairobiandAddisAbabawhichmaintaincontactwiththewarlordsandfromEthiopia. ThewarlordsaresupportedbyEthiopia.whichhasahistoricalfearofastrongSomalia.inabidtoopposethegovernment.Buttheirdifferingviewsonwheretostrikeatthe"terrorists"revealthattheirindividualambitionsareevensharperthantheirdislikeofthegovernment. Mr.IsmailsaysthatMerca.whichisclaimedbyhisRahanweinclan.isthecapitalofterror.44.TheUNsaysthereisonlyanorphanagetherenow.ButtheislandisclosetoMr.Morgan’shometownofKismaayowhichhefailedtocapturefromapro-governmentmilitiainJulyandheisdeterminednottofailagain. NoneofthislooksgoodforSomalia’sofficialpresidentAbdiquassimSaladHassan.whosegovernmentisincontrolofabouthalfthecapitalMogadishu.Hehasformedhisownanti-terrorismunitandinvitedAmericatosendinvestigatorsoreventroops.America.armedwithstoriesaboutthepresenceofal-Itihaadmembersheldback.butonDecember18thsentanenvoytoMogadishu. BothMr.HassanandtheUNsaythatal-Itihaadisnotaterroristorganisation.Itemergedasanarmedforcein1991.battlingforpowerintheaftermathofSiadBarre’sfall.Ithadsomeearlysuccesses.brieflytakingKismaayo.Butitwasalwaysdependentontheblessingofitsmembers’clanelders.Whentheelderseventuallycalledtheirfightersback.ahardcoreofIslamistsfledtotheGedoborderregionwherein1997theywerecrushedbyEthiopiantroops45. TheBaidoaallianceplainlyhopestobesupportedasproxiesinafightagainst"terrorism"andtheMogadishuregime.Butthelatestintelligenceleakssuggestthatthefirstreportsmayhaveoverestimatedal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.NorwouldMr.binLadenandhishenchmenfinditeasytolielowinanoralculturethatconsidersrumour-mongeringtobeaformofmanners.Evenso.thewarlordsseemtobelievethattheyhavewonsomepromiseofhelp.SoonafterthearrivaloftheAmericangrouptheypulledoutofthepeacetalkstheyhadbeenholdingwiththeirgovernmentinNairobi. [A]Al-ItihaadsubsequentlyinfiltratedSomalia’sbusinessclassandnowrunsIslamicschoolscourtsandclinicswiththemoneyithasaccumulated. [B]AccordingtoAbdullahiSheikhIsmaittheactingchairmanofthelooseallianceofwarlordswhocontrolmostofSomaliaandarebasedinBaidoa.thereare"approximately20.480armedextremists"inSomaliaand"85%ofthegovernmentisal-Itihaad". [C]MuhammadHersiMorganknownasthe"butcherofHargeisa"becauseheoncerazedthattowntothegroundsaysanal-ItihaadcamponRasKamboniislandisstillactive. [D]ButsinceSeptember11th2001.westerngovernmentsanxioustoprevental-QaedafromusingSomaliaasabase.havepressedthewarlordstomakepeace. [E]Americanintelligenceofficersareworkingwithtwowarlordstogatherinformationaboutsuspectedat-QaedapeopleinSomalia. [F]OnDecember9thAmericasentaclandestinemissiontotalktoacollectionofSomaliwarlords.wholiketoclaimthattheircountryinparticulartheirUN-sponsoredgovernmentisoverrunwithterrorists [G]IthadalsoforcedtheclosureofBarakaatSomalia’sbiggestbankingandtelecomscompanywhichhandlesmostoftheremittancesthatSomalisworkingabroadsendbacktotheirfamilies. 44
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
JoyWilliam’squirkyfourthnovelTheQuickandtheDeadfollowsthree16-year-oldmisfitsinanabnormalCharlie’sAngelssetintheAmericansouth-west.Drivenunclearlytodefendanimalrightsthegirlsaccomplishlittlebeyondcurse:theyrescueawoundedoxandhurlstonesatstuffedelephants.Inwhatisstructurallyaroadnovelthatendsupwhereitbeganthethreesomestumblesuponbothcrueltytoanimalsandunlikelyromance.Amournfuldogiskilledbyanangryneighborataxidermistfallsinlovewithan8-year-olddirect-actionfirebranddeterminedthathepays.forhissins.AcareenacrossthebarelytamedArizonaprairiethispeculiarbookaimslessforatraditionalstorylinethanasequenceofnoisyoftenhilariousconversationsridiculouscircumstancesandabsurdistscene.Theconsequentlong-walk-to-nowhereisboththebook’slimitationanditscharm. Allthreegirlsaremotherless.FiercelypoliticalAlicediscoversthatherparentsarehergrandparentswhothereuponshrivel:"Liehadkeptthemyoungwhereasthetruthhadacceleratedthempracticallyintooldness."BothparentsofthesorrowfulCorvusdrownedwhiledrivingonafloodedinterstateoff-ramp.ThemotherofthemoreconventionalAnnabel"oneofthosepeoplewhowouldsayWe’llgetintouchsoonest’whentheyneverwantedtoseeyouagain"slammedhercardrunkenlyintoafishrestaurant.LaterAnnabel’sfatherobservestohiswife’sghost."Youdidn’twanttoorderwhatIordereddarling."Thesharp-tonguedghostsnapsback:"That’sbecauseyoualwaysorderedbadlyandwantedmetoexperienceyourmiserablemistake." Againstaroundlyapocalypticworldview.thegreatpleasuresofthisbookareline-by-line.Ms.Williamscanbreaksettingandcharacteralikeinafewslashes:"itwasoneofthoseruggedAmericanplacesaremotesad-assbutcourageousdownwindtownwhosecitizenswereflawedandbrave."Alice’sacerbityspitslittlewisdoms:puttinglostteethunderapillowformoneyis"aclassiccapitalisticconsumertrickdesignedtoweanyouawayatanearlyagefromhealthyhorror’andsensibledismaytogreedydeludedsunnyexpectancy." WhetherornotthenovellikeAlice.expresslyadvocatesanimalrightsananimalmotifcropsupineverysceneasflesh-and-blood"critters"usuallydeadorplaindecorationoncrockery.IfMs.WilliamsdoesnotintendtoinducehumanhorroratapendingcruelArmageddonsheatleastinvokesafutureofearthlylonelinesswhereanimalsappearonlyasceramic-henbutterdishesandextinct-speciesElastoplasts.Onecaution:whenflimsynarrativesuperstructurebeginstosaganarchicwackinesscangrowwearing.WhileTheQuickandtheDeadissharpfromitsfirstpagethetroublewithstartingattheedgeisthereisnowheretogo.Nevertheless.Ms.Williamsisoriginalenergeticandviscouslyfunny:CarlHiaasenwithaconscience. Mr.Eccestonewillwinbecause
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Afteritsmisadventuresin1993.whenAmericanmarinesweredrivenoutofSomaliabyskinnygunmenAmericahasusedalongspooninsuppingwithSomalia’swarlords.This.tikesomuchelsechangedonSeptember11th.41 Clandestine.uptoapoint:withinhoursofthearrivalinBaidoaofninecloselycroppedAmericanssportingmatchingsatellitephonesandshadestheiractivitieswerebroadcast.Aftermeetingvariouswarlordsthegroupinspectedacompoundthathadapparentlybeenofferedtothemastheirfuturebase.Theyalsosawanoldmilitarydepot.Neithercanhavebeenencouraging:thecompoundhasbeentakenoverbywar-displacedfamiliesandthedepotbythorn-scrub. Americawasalreadyconvincedofal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.IthadlistedaSomaliIslamicgroupal-ltihaadal-IslamiyaIslamicUnityasaterroristorganisation.42.ItfearsthatlawlessSomaliacouldbecomeahavenforescapesfromAfghanistan.TheAmericannavyIscurrentlypatrollingthecountry’slongcoastlinewhilespyplanesaresaidtobecrisscrossingtheheavens. 43.WithalittlebitofhelphetoldhisAmericanvisitorshewouldbeready"toliberatethecountryfromtheseevilforces".AmericahadalreadyheardasmuchthroughitsembassiesinNairobiandAddisAbabawhichmaintaincontactwiththewarlordsandfromEthiopia. ThewarlordsaresupportedbyEthiopia.whichhasahistoricalfearofastrongSomalia.inabidtoopposethegovernment.Buttheirdifferingviewsonwheretostrikeatthe"terrorists"revealthattheirindividualambitionsareevensharperthantheirdislikeofthegovernment. Mr.IsmailsaysthatMerca.whichisclaimedbyhisRahanweinclan.isthecapitalofterror.44.TheUNsaysthereisonlyanorphanagetherenow.ButtheislandisclosetoMr.Morgan’shometownofKismaayowhichhefailedtocapturefromapro-governmentmilitiainJulyandheisdeterminednottofailagain. NoneofthislooksgoodforSomalia’sofficialpresidentAbdiquassimSaladHassan.whosegovernmentisincontrolofabouthalfthecapitalMogadishu.Hehasformedhisownanti-terrorismunitandinvitedAmericatosendinvestigatorsoreventroops.America.armedwithstoriesaboutthepresenceofal-Itihaadmembersheldback.butonDecember18thsentanenvoytoMogadishu. BothMr.HassanandtheUNsaythatal-Itihaadisnotaterroristorganisation.Itemergedasanarmedforcein1991.battlingforpowerintheaftermathofSiadBarre’sfall.Ithadsomeearlysuccesses.brieflytakingKismaayo.Butitwasalwaysdependentontheblessingofitsmembers’clanelders.Whentheelderseventuallycalledtheirfightersback.ahardcoreofIslamistsfledtotheGedoborderregionwherein1997theywerecrushedbyEthiopiantroops45. TheBaidoaallianceplainlyhopestobesupportedasproxiesinafightagainst"terrorism"andtheMogadishuregime.Butthelatestintelligenceleakssuggestthatthefirstreportsmayhaveoverestimatedal-Qaeda’spresenceinSomalia.NorwouldMr.binLadenandhishenchmenfinditeasytolielowinanoralculturethatconsidersrumour-mongeringtobeaformofmanners.Evenso.thewarlordsseemtobelievethattheyhavewonsomepromiseofhelp.SoonafterthearrivaloftheAmericangrouptheypulledoutofthepeacetalkstheyhadbeenholdingwiththeirgovernmentinNairobi. [A]Al-ItihaadsubsequentlyinfiltratedSomalia’sbusinessclassandnowrunsIslamicschoolscourtsandclinicswiththemoneyithasaccumulated. [B]AccordingtoAbdullahiSheikhIsmaittheactingchairmanofthelooseallianceofwarlordswhocontrolmostofSomaliaandarebasedinBaidoa.thereare"approximately20.480armedextremists"inSomaliaand"85%ofthegovernmentisal-Itihaad". [C]MuhammadHersiMorganknownasthe"butcherofHargeisa"becauseheoncerazedthattowntothegroundsaysanal-ItihaadcamponRasKamboniislandisstillactive. [D]ButsinceSeptember11th2001.westerngovernmentsanxioustoprevental-QaedafromusingSomaliaasabase.havepressedthewarlordstomakepeace. [E]Americanintelligenceofficersareworkingwithtwowarlordstogatherinformationaboutsuspectedat-QaedapeopleinSomalia. [F]OnDecember9thAmericasentaclandestinemissiontotalktoacollectionofSomaliwarlords.wholiketoclaimthattheircountryinparticulartheirUN-sponsoredgovernmentisoverrunwithterrorists [G]IthadalsoforcedtheclosureofBarakaatSomalia’sbiggestbankingandtelecomscompanywhichhandlesmostoftheremittancesthatSomalisworkingabroadsendbacktotheirfamilies. 42
JosephRykwertenteredhisfieldwhenpost-warmodernistarchitecturewascomingunderfireforitsalienatingembodimentofoutmodedsocialideals.ThinkoftheUNbuildinginNewYork.thecityofBrasilia.theUNESCObuildinginParistheblocksofhousing"projects"throughouttheworld.Thesetall.uniformboxesaresetbackfromthestreetisolatedbywindsweptplazas.Theylookinwardtotheirownfunctionspresentingno"face"totheinhabitantsofthecityno"place"forsocialinteraction.ForMr.Rykwert.whorejectsthefunctionalistspiritoftheAthensCharterof1933.amanifestoformuchpost-warbuildingsuchfacelessnessdestroysthehumanmeaningofthecity.Architecturalformshouldnotrigidlyfollowfunctionbutoughttoreflecttheneedsofthesocialbodyitrepresents. Likeotherformsofrepresentationarchitectureistheembodimentofthedecisionsthatgointoitsmakingnottheresultofimpersonalforcesmarketorhistory.Therefore.saysMr.RykwertadaptingJosephdeMaistre’sdictumthatanationhasthegovernmentitdeservesourcitieshavethefacestheydeserve. Inthisbook.Mr.Rykwert.anotedurbanhistorianofanthropologicalloveoffersaflaneur’sapproachtothecity’sexteriorsurfaceratherthananurbanhistoryfromtheconceptualinsideout.Hedoesnotdrivesohisinteractionwiththecityaffordshimawarts-and-allviewwithasensualgraspofwhatitistobea"place". Hisstoryofurbanizationbeginsnotsurprisinglywiththeindustrialrevolutionwhenpopulationsshiftedandincreasedexacerbatingproblemsofhousingandcrime.Inthe19thcenturymanyplanningprogramsandutopiasEbenezerHoward’sgardencityandCharlesFourier’s"phalansteries"amongthemwereproposedasremedies.Thesehavelefttheirmarkon20th-centurycitiesasdidBaronHausmann’sboulevardsinParisEugeneViollet-le-Duc’sandOwenJones’sargumentsforhistoricalstyleandAdolfLoos’sfatefulturn-of-the-centurycalltoabolishornamentwhichinturninspiredLeCorbusier’sbarefunctionalism.Thereaderwillrecognizealltheseideasinthesurfacesofthecitiesthathostedthem:NewYork.Paris.LondonandVienna. CitieschangedagainaftertheSecondWorldWaraspopulationsgrew.technologyracedandprosperityspread.Likeitornottoday’scitiesarethemuddledproductamongotherthingsofspeed.greedoutmodedsocialagendasandill-suitedpostmodernaesthetics.Somelamenttheoldcity’sdeath;otherswelcomeitsreplacementbytheelectronicallydriven"globalvillage".MrRykwerthashisworriestobesure.buthedoesnotseeruinorchaoseverywhere.Hedefendsthecityasahumanandsocialnecessity.InChandigarhCanberraandNewYorkheseesoverallsuccess;inNewDelhiParisandShanghailargeareasoffalling.ForMr.Rykwert.amanonfootintheageofspeedingvirtualgoodarchitecturemaystillshowusafacewhereflaneurscanreadthestoryoftheirurbansettinginfamiliarmetaphors. 28ThewordexacerbatingLine2Para4means
WinstonChurchillwhofoughtontheAfghanborderin1897.warnedofthedangersofpeacekeepingamongthePathansandofmixingpoliticsandwar46"Exceptatharvest-timewhenself-preservationenjoinsatemporarypausethePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarriorapoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfort...withbattlementsturrets[and]drawbridges`Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitshate;everyclan.itsfeud. "Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgottenandveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid...47ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleysnourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwaterarefertileen0ught9yieldwithlittlelabourthematerialrequirementsofasmallpopulation. "Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:thebreech-loadingrifleandtheBritishgovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecondacontinuoustrouble.Theconvenienceofthebreech-loadingandstillmoreofthemagazineriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.48Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway... "TheactionoftheBritishgovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganisingadvancingabsorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthana’monstrousspoil-sport. "Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome.hadafightandthengoneawayagain...Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys...Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquietnottoshootoneanother.andaboveallnotmshootattravellersalongtheroad.49Itwastoomuchtoaskandawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource. "ThePoliticalOfficerswhoaccompaniedtheforce...wereveryunpopularwiththearmyofficers...50Theywereaccusedoftheseverecrimeof’shilly-shallying’whichbeinginterpretedmeansdoingeverythingyoupossiblycanbeforeyoushoot.Wehadwithusaverybrilliantpoliticalofficer...whowasmuchdislikedbecausehealwaysstoppedmilitaryoperations.Justwhenwewerelookingforwardtohavingasplendidfightandall-thegunswereloadedandeveryonekeyedup[he]wouldcomealongandputastoptoit." Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyaufifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewsceneofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit
ThecurrentFrenchbestsellerlistsarewonderfullyeclectic.In1.thereiseverything2blockbusterthrillerstoCatherineMiller’sLaVieSexuelledeCatherineM.anovelwhichhasbeen3praisedashighartand4asupmarketporn.Thentherearenovels5thestickyquestionsofgoodand6LeDemonetMademoisellePrymandfaithversussciencemthemodernworldL’apparition.Philosophical7continueinthenon-fictionlist.8thisweekbyMichelOnfray’s"AntimanueldePhilosophic".awittytalk9someofphilosophy’sperennialdebates.ThosewholiketheirbigissuesinsmallchunksarealsoenjoyingFredericBeigbeder’sDernierInventaireavantLiquidation.asurveyofFrance’s1020th-centurybooks11withMr.Beigbeder’s12humourfromthetitleonThe50booksoftheCenturyChosenbyYouandCritiquedbyMe InBritain.meanwhilethereisoliveoilalloverthenon-fictionlist.It’samajor13forNigellaLawsonadomesticdivinityandcelebrity14whoselatest15ofrecipestopsthelist.AnnieHawesinsecond16.tookherself17tothesun-drenchedhillsofItalytogrowherownolivesandwriteabookaboutthemasdidCarolDrinkwaterjust18theborderinFrance.Fiction-wiseit’sbusinessas19withtherequisiteholidaymixofthrillersromancefantasyandHarryPotter.withTheGobletofFirestillburning20atnumberthree. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
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