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Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 8
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. Gucci’ssuccessshowsthat
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphofthetextthat
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 16
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 18
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 2
InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommonheadache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordecliningslightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternetandanevergreatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazineunitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInctheworld’sbiggestmagazinecompanyhastofendoffrumoursthatitsparentTimeWarnerwillsellit.PeopleintheindustryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMediaitsBritishmagazinesubsidiary. Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressurefromseveraldirectionsatoncebothonlineandoff.Magazineshavebecomemoreexpensivetolaunchandthecostofattractingandkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstandsaleshavebeenworryinglyweakpartlybecausesupermarketsdominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply. Theinternet’spopularityhashitmen’stitlesthehardest.FHMtheflagship"lads"magazineofEmap—aBritishmediafirmforinstancelostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap’sprizeassetbutslowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany’sdecisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men’smagazinesareintroubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequicklyswitchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices. Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimistichowever.Forreadersmanyofthepleasingcharacteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityandglossinessforinstance—cannotbematchedonline.Andmagazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythatnewspapersare.AccordingtoastudybythedigitalarmofOgilvyGroupappetiteformagazinesislargelyunchangedbetweenolder"babyboomers"andyoung"millennials". Ontheadvertisingsidemagazinesarefaringmuchbetterthannewspaperswhicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueasclassifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethefactthatinmanygenressuchasfashionreadersacceptandvaluemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct. Unfortunatelymagazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetontotheinternet."Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomethingtheyworriedaboutafter4pmonFriday"saysPeterKreiskyaconsultanttothemediaindustry"butnowit’sattheheartoftheirbusinessmodel."Totheircredithoweverbigmagazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprintproductsonline.Theyofferpeopleusefulfunservicesonline—Lagardere’sCarandDriverwebsiteforinstanceoffersvirtualtestdrivesandBetterHomesandGardensonlinehasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes. Accordingtothetextmagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimisticinthat
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 6
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. WhatisthefocusofHarvardBusinessSchool’strainingprogram
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 12
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Inthenarrationofthefirsttwoparagraphstheauthoremploysthedeviceof
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 10
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 14
InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommonheadache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordecliningslightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternetandanevergreatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazineunitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInctheworld’sbiggestmagazinecompanyhastofendoffrumoursthatitsparentTimeWarnerwillsellit.PeopleintheindustryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMediaitsBritishmagazinesubsidiary. Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressurefromseveraldirectionsatoncebothonlineandoff.Magazineshavebecomemoreexpensivetolaunchandthecostofattractingandkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstandsaleshavebeenworryinglyweakpartlybecausesupermarketsdominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply. Theinternet’spopularityhashitmen’stitlesthehardest.FHMtheflagship"lads"magazineofEmap—aBritishmediafirmforinstancelostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap’sprizeassetbutslowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany’sdecisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men’smagazinesareintroubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequicklyswitchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices. Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimistichowever.Forreadersmanyofthepleasingcharacteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityandglossinessforinstance—cannotbematchedonline.Andmagazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythatnewspapersare.AccordingtoastudybythedigitalarmofOgilvyGroupappetiteformagazinesislargelyunchangedbetweenolder"babyboomers"andyoung"millennials". Ontheadvertisingsidemagazinesarefaringmuchbetterthannewspaperswhicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueasclassifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethefactthatinmanygenressuchasfashionreadersacceptandvaluemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct. Unfortunatelymagazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetontotheinternet."Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomethingtheyworriedaboutafter4pmonFriday"saysPeterKreiskyaconsultanttothemediaindustry"butnowit’sattheheartoftheirbusinessmodel."Totheircredithoweverbigmagazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprintproductsonline.Theyofferpeopleusefulfunservicesonline—Lagardere’sCarandDriverwebsiteforinstanceoffersvirtualtestdrivesandBetterHomesandGardensonlinehasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes. Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext
InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommonheadache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordecliningslightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternetandanevergreatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazineunitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInctheworld’sbiggestmagazinecompanyhastofendoffrumoursthatitsparentTimeWarnerwillsellit.PeopleintheindustryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMediaitsBritishmagazinesubsidiary. Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressurefromseveraldirectionsatoncebothonlineandoff.Magazineshavebecomemoreexpensivetolaunchandthecostofattractingandkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstandsaleshavebeenworryinglyweakpartlybecausesupermarketsdominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply. Theinternet’spopularityhashitmen’stitlesthehardest.FHMtheflagship"lads"magazineofEmap—aBritishmediafirmforinstancelostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap’sprizeassetbutslowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany’sdecisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men’smagazinesareintroubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequicklyswitchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices. Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimistichowever.Forreadersmanyofthepleasingcharacteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityandglossinessforinstance—cannotbematchedonline.Andmagazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythatnewspapersare.AccordingtoastudybythedigitalarmofOgilvyGroupappetiteformagazinesislargelyunchangedbetweenolder"babyboomers"andyoung"millennials". Ontheadvertisingsidemagazinesarefaringmuchbetterthannewspaperswhicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueasclassifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethefactthatinmanygenressuchasfashionreadersacceptandvaluemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct. Unfortunatelymagazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetontotheinternet."Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomethingtheyworriedaboutafter4pmonFriday"saysPeterKreiskyaconsultanttothemediaindustry"butnowit’sattheheartoftheirbusinessmodel."Totheircredithoweverbigmagazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprintproductsonline.Theyofferpeopleusefulfunservicesonline—Lagardere’sCarandDriverwebsiteforinstanceoffersvirtualtestdrivesandBetterHomesandGardensonlinehasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormainlydiscusses
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 20
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. AccordingtothepassagethedoomedfateofLevi’siscausedbysuchfactorsexceptthat
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningofthepictureand 3giveyourcomment. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodinsteadofeatingitrawlivedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknowhoweverthat1thousandsofyearsfoodwasalwayseatencoldand2.Perhapsthecookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybya3fireorbythemeltedlavafromanerupting4.Whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencookedtheyfoundittastedbetter.However5afterthisdiscovercookedfoodmusthaveremainedararity6manlearnedhowtomakeandlight7. Primitivemenwholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesun8theirfood.Forexampleinthedesert9ofthesouthwestern.UnitedStatestheIndianscookedtheirfoodby10itonaflat11inthehotsun.Theycookedpieceofmeatandthincakesofcommealinthis12.Wesurmisethattheearliestkitchen13wasstick14whichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwas15byanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeat16allsides. Cookingfoodinwaterwas17beforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbe18byfire.The19cookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas166B.CtheEgyptianshadlearnedtomake20permanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.ManyyearslatertheEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans. 4
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused. Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld"facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide". Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones. AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsons;so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender-basedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime. Whichofthefollowingscouldbethebesttitleforthetext
AsEleanorRooseveltoncesaid"Universalhumanrightsbegininsmallplacesclosetohome."AndTolerance.orgaWebsitefromtheSouthernPovertyLawCenterishelpingparentsacrossthecountrycreatehomesinwhichtoleranceandunderstandingareguidingthemes."Thegoalofnurturingopen-mindedempatheticchildrenisachallengingone"saysJenniferHolladaydirectorofTolerance.org."Tocultivatetoleranceparentshavetoinstillinchildrenasenseofempathyrespectandresponsibility—tooneselfandtoothers—aswellastherecognitionthateverypersononearthisatreasure."Holladayoffersseveralwaysparentscanpromotetolerance: Talkabouttolerance.Toleranceeducationisanongoingprocess;itcannotbecapturedinasinglemoment.Establishahighcomfortlevelforopendialogueaboutsocialissues.Letchildrenknowthatnosubjectistaboo.Identifyintolerancewhenchildrenareexposedtoit.PointoutstereotypesandculturalmisinformationdepictedinmoviesTVshowscomputergamesandothermedia.Challengebiaswhenitcomesfromfriendsandfamilymembers.Donotletthemomentpass.Beginwithaqualifiedstatement:"AndrewjustcalledpeopleofXYZfaith’lunatics.’WhatdoyouthinkaboutthatZoe"Letchildrendomostofthetalking.Challengeintolerancewhenitcomesfromyourchildren.Whenachildsaysordoessomethingthatreflectsbiasesorembracesstereotypesconfrontthechild:"WhatmakesthatjokefunnyJerome"Guidetheconversationtowardinternalizationofempathyandrespect—"Mimiusesawalkerhoney.Howdoyouthinkshewouldfeelaboutthatjoke"or"HowdidyoufeelwhenRobbiemadefunofyourglasseslastweek"Supportyourchildrenwhentheyarethevictimsofintolerance.Respectchildren’stroublesbyacknowledgingwhentheybecometargetsofbias. Don’tminimizetheexperience.Provideemotionalsupportandthenbrainstormconstructiveresponses.Forexampledevelopasetofcomebackstousewhenchildrenarethevictimsofname-calling.Createopportunitiesforchildrentointeractwithpeoplewhoaredifferentfromthem.Lookcriticallyathowachilddefines"normal."Expandthedefinition.Visitplaygroundswhereavarietyofchildrenarepresent—peopleofdifferentracessocioeconomicbackgroundsfamilystructuresetc.Encourageachildtospendtimewithelders—grandparentsforexample.Encouragechildrentocalluponcommunityresources.Achildwhoisconcernedaboutworldhungercanvolunteeratalocalsoupkitchenorhomelessshelter.Theearlierchildreninteractwiththecommunitythebetter.Thiswillhelpconveythelessonthatwearenotislandsuntoourselves.Modelthebehavioryouwouldliketosee.Asaparentandasyourchild’sprimaryrolemodelbeconsistentinhowyoutreatothers.Rememberyoumaysay"DoasIsaynotasIdo"butactionsreallydospeaklouderthanwords. Accordingtothepassagechildrenareencouragedtojoininmanyactivitiesotherthan
AsEleanorRooseveltoncesaid"Universalhumanrightsbegininsmallplacesclosetohome."AndTolerance.orgaWebsitefromtheSouthernPovertyLawCenterishelpingparentsacrossthecountrycreatehomesinwhichtoleranceandunderstandingareguidingthemes."Thegoalofnurturingopen-mindedempatheticchildrenisachallengingone"saysJenniferHolladaydirectorofTolerance.org."Tocultivatetoleranceparentshavetoinstillinchildrenasenseofempathyrespectandresponsibility—tooneselfandtoothers—aswellastherecognitionthateverypersononearthisatreasure."Holladayoffersseveralwaysparentscanpromotetolerance: Talkabouttolerance.Toleranceeducationisanongoingprocess;itcannotbecapturedinasinglemoment.Establishahighcomfortlevelforopendialogueaboutsocialissues.Letchildrenknowthatnosubjectistaboo.Identifyintolerancewhenchildrenareexposedtoit.PointoutstereotypesandculturalmisinformationdepictedinmoviesTVshowscomputergamesandothermedia.Challengebiaswhenitcomesfromfriendsandfamilymembers.Donotletthemomentpass.Beginwithaqualifiedstatement:"AndrewjustcalledpeopleofXYZfaith’lunatics.’WhatdoyouthinkaboutthatZoe"Letchildrendomostofthetalking.Challengeintolerancewhenitcomesfromyourchildren.Whenachildsaysordoessomethingthatreflectsbiasesorembracesstereotypesconfrontthechild:"WhatmakesthatjokefunnyJerome"Guidetheconversationtowardinternalizationofempathyandrespect—"Mimiusesawalkerhoney.Howdoyouthinkshewouldfeelaboutthatjoke"or"HowdidyoufeelwhenRobbiemadefunofyourglasseslastweek"Supportyourchildrenwhentheyarethevictimsofintolerance.Respectchildren’stroublesbyacknowledgingwhentheybecometargetsofbias. Don’tminimizetheexperience.Provideemotionalsupportandthenbrainstormconstructiveresponses.Forexampledevelopasetofcomebackstousewhenchildrenarethevictimsofname-calling.Createopportunitiesforchildrentointeractwithpeoplewhoaredifferentfromthem.Lookcriticallyathowachilddefines"normal."Expandthedefinition.Visitplaygroundswhereavarietyofchildrenarepresent—peopleofdifferentracessocioeconomicbackgroundsfamilystructuresetc.Encourageachildtospendtimewithelders—grandparentsforexample.Encouragechildrentocalluponcommunityresources.Achildwhoisconcernedaboutworldhungercanvolunteeratalocalsoupkitchenorhomelessshelter.Theearlierchildreninteractwiththecommunitythebetter.Thiswillhelpconveythelessonthatwearenotislandsuntoourselves.Modelthebehavioryouwouldliketosee.Asaparentandasyourchild’sprimaryrolemodelbeconsistentinhowyoutreatothers.Rememberyoumaysay"DoasIsaynotasIdo"butactionsreallydospeaklouderthanwords. TheunderlinedwordtabooPara.2mostprobablymeans.
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