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根据首字母提示完成短文Wearea___1__usingbodylanguageinourd__2_
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Theprinciplesaboutapplyingforjobshavealteredgreatl
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Theprinciplesaboutapplyingforjobshavealteredgreatl
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OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers.WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s.It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneedsaidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago.ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus.ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression.Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative.Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington.Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist.ThepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplacessaidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalleditaknowledgebasethatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed.IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomethingshesaid.Mrs.Satowwouldprobablyagreethat______.
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers.WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s.It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneedsaidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago.ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus.ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression.Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative.Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington.Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist.ThepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplacessaidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalleditaknowledgebasethatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed.IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomethingshesaid.GoAskAliceasmentionedinthepassageis______.
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C .Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inbyinandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 45
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools.
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 45
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedasking’otherstudentsforanswers.WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s.It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneedsaidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago.ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus.ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression.Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative.Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington.Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist.ThepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplacessaidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline.Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalleditaknowledgebasethatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed.IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomethingshesaid.Thefirstparagraphiswrittento______.
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitorcouldhavehugepotentialsaysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners.Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience.Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear.Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthebadkindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyandassistingettingpatientstogoalbesays.DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresentaninterestingcrossroadsforphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedtoapproacheachindividualproblemwithcare.Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill.Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical.Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuckfearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswhohavebeenonthedrugsforawhileandarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage.Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasccouldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalfbyswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone.WhichofthefollowingisNotoneoftheadvantagesofsuperpills
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 43
A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C .Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inbyinandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 41
TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCalPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors. ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation. ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed."OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperform"saysHarrigan. Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalinclude"pennylumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferential"frontrunning"whichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersand"freezing"thefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst. Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfound"seriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsByspecialistfirms". Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped--ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYE"There’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchange"Westleysays."Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors./ WhatdoesthewordafishParA．1probablyreferto
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Themeaningsofscienceandtechnologyhavechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersofpuresciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions.Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.FundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsWeredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations.Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol.Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess.Whatdoesthepracticalmanifestations...outofcontrolPar
Themeaningsofscienceandtechnologyhavechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersofpuresciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions.Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.FundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsWeredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations.Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol.Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNotagreewith
Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself--themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’sMadonnawithChilda15th-centuryItalian-masterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.InthecaseofMadonnawithChildheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture.EvenwiththeBruegels--realandimitation--thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Faridsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmays6onbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.Wecaninferfromthetextthat______.
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols--likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties--likeabiologicalorganism." B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27--July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhileworkingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations." F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowsbowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete;it’sadynamicalsystem." G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween--youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword’Spiveysaid. Order: 41
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.1
TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCalPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors.ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation.ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed.OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperformsaysHarrigan.Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalincludepennylumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferentialfrontrunningwhichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersandfreezingthefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst.Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfoundseriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsByspecialistfirms.Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped--ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYEThere’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchangeWestleysays.Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors./WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue
Directions:Yoursonkickedhisballthroughyourneighbor’swindow.Writealettertotellyourneighbor1yourregretathearingthenews2yourintentiontocompensateforthedamage3yourapology.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdenotneedtowritetheaddress.
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.Audenl.ouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears. B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C .Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inbyinandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury. D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetry E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention. F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible"Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept." G.Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun." H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyselfdefining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." Order: 43
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitorcouldhavehugepotentialsaysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners.Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience.Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear.Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthebadkindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyandassistingettingpatientstogoalbesays.DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresentaninterestingcrossroadsforphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedtoapproacheachindividualproblemwithcare.Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill.Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical.Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuckfearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswhohavebeenonthedrugsforawhileandarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage.Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasccouldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalfbyswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublicancontrolledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSa[andnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthreequarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork.
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharhourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrakaandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard". Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.akegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCalPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors.ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation.ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed.OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperformsaysHarrigan.Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalincludepennylumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferentialfrontrunningwhichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersandfreezingthefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst.Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfoundseriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsByspecialistfirms.Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped--ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYEThere’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchangeWestleysays.Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors./Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe______.
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