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干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是（）
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干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是
6-巯基嘌呤
甲氨蝶呤
氮杂丝氨酸
别嘌呤醇
干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是
别嘌呤醇
阿糖胞苷
6-巯基嘌呤
氮杂丝氨酸
甲氨蝶呤
干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是
6巯基嘌呤
甲氨蝶呤
氮杂丝氨酸
别嘌呤醇
阿糖胞苷(97,98/2000)
能直接转变生成dTMP的化合物是
UTP
CDP
UMP
IMP
dUMP
能直接转变生成dTMP的化合物是
UTP
UDP
UMP
IMP
dUMP
干扰dUMP转变为dTMP的核苷酸抗代谢物是
氮杂丝氨酸
阿糖胞苷
5-氟尿嘧啶
甲氨蝶呤
能直接转变生成dTMP的化合物是
UTP
UDP
UMP
IMP
dUMP
能直接转变生成dTMP的化合物是
UTP
UDP
UMP
IMP
dUMP(111,112/2006)
干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是
甲氨蝶呤
阿糖胞苷
别嘌呤醇
6-巯基嘌呤
8-氮杂鸟嘌呤
干扰dUMP转变生成dTMP的是
甲氨蝶呤
阿糖胞苷
别嘌呤醇
6-巯基嘌呤
8-氮杂鸟嘌呤
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InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
简述国际法院规约第38条第一款规定的有关国际法院适用的法律如何
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InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomenaccordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithsaysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’ssheobservesit’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomenaccordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithsaysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’ssheobservesit’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】
文化批评
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecangosaysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9formen5’4forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.TherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganismsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlargeyoucouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?
深描
文化唯物主义
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecangosaysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9formen5’4forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.TherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganismsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlargeyoucouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.OwningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccountsaysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitutionincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodeltheauthorofapaperisrequiredto
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecangosaysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9formen5’4forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.TherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganismsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlargeyoucouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.Thetextintendstotellusthat
YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBobyourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto 1makeanapologyand 2suggestasolution. Youshouldwriteabout100words. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomenaccordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithsaysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’ssheobservesit’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.AccordingtoParagraph4thestresswomenconfronttendstobe
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
核心家庭
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.OwningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccountsaysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitutionincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
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