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46)Free-market economy is an economic system in which individuals, rather than government, make t...
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DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowswhatanimalshavedone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishin’gatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereason’soistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit.Howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwithconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthisthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromthepointofviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawlistoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. 49
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 5
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 19
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhichaspectaretheUniversitiessuperiortotheUniversityCollegesandInstitutes
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 7
Text2 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. Aseriousoutcomebroughtoutbytheshortageofresourcesisthat
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 13
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibersisharmfultopeople'shealth
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthisarticleis
FortyyearsagoahistoricdocumentwassignedinRomethatwastochangetheeconomicoutlookandthefutureofmanycountriesinEurope.ThatdocumentwastheTreatyofRomeandthisyearonMarch251997theEuropeanUnioncelebratedthe40thanniversaryofitssigning.AreviseddraftTreatyonEuropeanUniontheMaastrichtTreatywaspresentedinRomeonthatdate.41______ 42______TheTreatysetoutthethreepillarsoftheEuropeanUnion--Pillar1:thethreeEuropeancommunitieswhichformitsbasis;Pillar2:thedevelopmentofacommonforeignandsecuritypolicy;andPillar3;cooperationintheareasofjusticeandhomeaffairsincludingimmigrationandasylum收容所drugtrafficking交易andinternationalcrime. 43______EMUmeansasinglemonetarypolicyoperatingwithinasingleeconomicmarketandisthereforethelogicalcomplementtotheSingleMarketinEuropetoday. TheEMUwillberunbyaEuropeanCentralBankindependentofbothnationalgovernmentsand EuropeanUnioninstitutions. 44______TheeurowillenterintocirculationinJanuary1999inthoseMemberStateswhichmeetthecriteriaforentrytotheEMUandbymid2002thechangeoverfromnationalcurrenciestotheeurointhosecountrieswillbecomplete.TheintroductionoftheeurowillbethemostvisiblemeasureofintegrationtodateinthedailylivesofcitizensoftheEuropeanUnion. TherightsofEuropeancitizenswerefurtherextendedbytheMaastrichtTreatysothattodaycitizensoftheMemberStatesmaytravelresideworkandcarryouttransactionsinanycountryoftheEUwithouthindrance障碍andwithfullprotectionofthelaw.TheEuropeanUnion’sfieldsofresponsibilityWireextendedtoincludeareassuchasconsumerprotectionpublichealthpolicyenvironmentalprotectioneducationandcultureandthecreationofmajortransportcommunicationsandenergy. 45______ThefirstunionofsixMemberStateshasbeenenlargedtoitspresentnumberoffifteen.AddedtotheoriginalsixareDenmarkIrelandtheUnitedKingdomGreeceSpainPortugalAustriaSwedenandFinlandthelastthreecountriesbeingadmittedtotheEuropeanUnionin1995.ThenextcenturywillseetheinclusionintheUnionofanumberofcountriesmostlyfromCentralandEasternEurope.TodaytheEuropeanUnionisoneoftheworld’sgreatestsingletradingpowers.Itspresentpopulationof370millionhasmanyfreedomsandchoicesbothascitizensandasconsumers.Itscompanieshaveenterednewmarketsandformednewpartnershipstoexploiteconomicopportunitiesathomeandabroad.AsthecenturydrawstoaclosethevisionofaunitedEuropemademanifestbytheTreatyofRomeisclosertorealizationthaneverbefore. A.InNovember1993theTreatyonEuropeanUnionalsoknownastheMaastrichtTreatyaltertheDutchtownwhereEUleadersmetcameintoforcecreatingtheEuropeanUnionandpavingthewayforgreaterintegrationbetweenMemberStates. B.AmajoraspectofEMUisthesinglecurrencyknownastheeuro. C.SincethesigningoftheTreatyofRomein1957Europehaswitnessedaremarkablegrowthinitsvitalityhomogeneityandstrengthasademocracy. D.AsthecenturycomestoanendaunitedandenlargedEuropeundertheguideofTreatyofRomeissuretoberealizedverysoon. E.TherevisedTreatyisacontinuationoftheprocesstowardsintegrationofthecountriesofEuropethatbeganin1957. F.Therevisedtreatyisaformalagreementbetweentwoormorestatesasregardspeace.andtrade. G.TheTreatyalsosetouttheeconomiccriteriaMemberStatesmustmeettocompleteEurope’seconomicandmonetaryunionEMUtheultimategoalofeconomicpartnershipenvisagedbythearchitectsoftheTreatyofRome. 45
PartA Directions: Youcaughtacoldyesterdayandfeelextremelyuncomfortabletoday.ItisnecessarytowritealettertoyourSchoolPrincipalforaleaveandtellhimthereasonforit: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Martin"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhatrespectsaretheUniversityCollegesandInstitutessuperiortotheUniversities
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealdangercomesfrom
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 11
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 43
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 17
FortyyearsagoahistoricdocumentwassignedinRomethatwastochangetheeconomicoutlookandthefutureofmanycountriesinEurope.ThatdocumentwastheTreatyofRomeandthisyearonMarch251997theEuropeanUnioncelebratedthe40thanniversaryofitssigning.AreviseddraftTreatyonEuropeanUniontheMaastrichtTreatywaspresentedinRomeonthatdate.41______ 42______TheTreatysetoutthethreepillarsoftheEuropeanUnion--Pillar1:thethreeEuropeancommunitieswhichformitsbasis;Pillar2:thedevelopmentofacommonforeignandsecuritypolicy;andPillar3;cooperationintheareasofjusticeandhomeaffairsincludingimmigrationandasylum收容所drugtrafficking交易andinternationalcrime. 43______EMUmeansasinglemonetarypolicyoperatingwithinasingleeconomicmarketandisthereforethelogicalcomplementtotheSingleMarketinEuropetoday. TheEMUwillberunbyaEuropeanCentralBankindependentofbothnationalgovernmentsand EuropeanUnioninstitutions. 44______TheeurowillenterintocirculationinJanuary1999inthoseMemberStateswhichmeetthecriteriaforentrytotheEMUandbymid2002thechangeoverfromnationalcurrenciestotheeurointhosecountrieswillbecomplete.TheintroductionoftheeurowillbethemostvisiblemeasureofintegrationtodateinthedailylivesofcitizensoftheEuropeanUnion. TherightsofEuropeancitizenswerefurtherextendedbytheMaastrichtTreatysothattodaycitizensoftheMemberStatesmaytravelresideworkandcarryouttransactionsinanycountryoftheEUwithouthindrance障碍andwithfullprotectionofthelaw.TheEuropeanUnion’sfieldsofresponsibilityWireextendedtoincludeareassuchasconsumerprotectionpublichealthpolicyenvironmentalprotectioneducationandcultureandthecreationofmajortransportcommunicationsandenergy. 45______ThefirstunionofsixMemberStateshasbeenenlargedtoitspresentnumberoffifteen.AddedtotheoriginalsixareDenmarkIrelandtheUnitedKingdomGreeceSpainPortugalAustriaSwedenandFinlandthelastthreecountriesbeingadmittedtotheEuropeanUnionin1995.ThenextcenturywillseetheinclusionintheUnionofanumberofcountriesmostlyfromCentralandEasternEurope.TodaytheEuropeanUnionisoneoftheworld’sgreatestsingletradingpowers.Itspresentpopulationof370millionhasmanyfreedomsandchoicesbothascitizensandasconsumers.Itscompanieshaveenterednewmarketsandformednewpartnershipstoexploiteconomicopportunitiesathomeandabroad.AsthecenturydrawstoaclosethevisionofaunitedEuropemademanifestbytheTreatyofRomeisclosertorealizationthaneverbefore. A.InNovember1993theTreatyonEuropeanUnionalsoknownastheMaastrichtTreatyaltertheDutchtownwhereEUleadersmetcameintoforcecreatingtheEuropeanUnionandpavingthewayforgreaterintegrationbetweenMemberStates. B.AmajoraspectofEMUisthesinglecurrencyknownastheeuro. C.SincethesigningoftheTreatyofRomein1957Europehaswitnessedaremarkablegrowthinitsvitalityhomogeneityandstrengthasademocracy. D.AsthecenturycomestoanendaunitedandenlargedEuropeundertheguideofTreatyofRomeissuretoberealizedverysoon. E.TherevisedTreatyisacontinuationoftheprocesstowardsintegrationofthecountriesofEuropethatbeganin1957. F.Therevisedtreatyisaformalagreementbetweentwoormorestatesasregardspeace.andtrade. G.TheTreatyalsosetouttheeconomiccriteriaMemberStatesmustmeettocompleteEurope’seconomicandmonetaryunionEMUtheultimategoalofeconomicpartnershipenvisagedbythearchitectsoftheTreatyofRome. 43
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 45
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowswhatanimalshavedone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishin’gatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereason’soistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit.Howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwithconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthisthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromthepointofviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawlistoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. 47
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Whichofthefollowingistheusualthemeofblues
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 15
Text2 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. ThephraseimpingeoninParagraph1mostprobablymeans
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 41
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Inthefourthsentenceinparagraphonethecall-and-responsepatternreferstothepatterninwhich
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Itseemsthatisthemusicalinstrumentusedthroughoutthehistoryofblues.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 3
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 1
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 9
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