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Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussing environmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisan environmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanity isworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollows fromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrends havebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating.Ourworld nowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcould sustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeep themselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewho hatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinary triumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature. 41．______Itisamazingbuttruethataresource shortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroff thaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningby everymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackas weknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughout historydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryof aresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteand indirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithout effort.44．______Weareconfidentthatthenature ofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclot inthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocal problemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateor increasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporary large-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfrom humanhistory.[A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarcein seventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoaland whaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandthe resiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicand socialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusually leaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthe greatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.In thelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthe mid-30’sto70’s.[D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrow forthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicate despairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblem thatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished.[E]Itwill happenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesas enterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsand sometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmind andwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslower economicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensity adragoneconomicdevelopment.[G]Wedon’tsaythatall iswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture. Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectual povertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ineverycultivatedlanguage therearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewhole vocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecome acquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatisto sayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliar associatesand4weshouldknowanduse5 wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommon thingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7the language.Suchwordsmaybecalledpopularsincetheybelongtothepeople 8andarenottheexclusive9ofa limitedclass.Ontheotherhandourlanguage 10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11 usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoevery educatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathome orinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomes notfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofour school-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthat we16orthemore17conversationof highlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18 inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19 ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalledlearnedandthe 20betweenthemandthepopularwordsisofgreat importancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Itispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegrees inEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods. Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularly unfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistof authorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomen scholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting. Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooks establishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsfor revisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsan experimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedto raisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningfor anymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsofthe conventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmall problemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthough thisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficially familiarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Instead studentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglected eighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthentic experienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibility forthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’swork presentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose. 49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatit couldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmastering theliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’s playThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrations ofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．In additionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyasher continuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthe canonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissues concerningthecurrentcanon.Therangeof Griffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleading authorityonaparticularGriffithtext.Forexampleastudentstudying Griffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudiedit forsomeweeks.Thisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitle transformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Such experiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittle attentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopefora lifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Itispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegrees inEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods. Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularly unfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistof authorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomen scholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting. Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooks establishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsfor revisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsan experimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedto raisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningfor anymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsofthe conventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmall problemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthough thisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficially familiarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Instead studentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglected eighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthentic experienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibility forthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’swork presentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose. 49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatit couldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmastering theliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’s playThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrations ofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．In additionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyasher continuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthe canonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissues concerningthecurrentcanon.Therangeof Griffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleading authorityonaparticularGriffithtext.Forexampleastudentstudying Griffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudiedit forsomeweeks.Thisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitle transformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Such experiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittle attentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopefora lifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
Text2 Thisbookiswrittenexpressly forstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefuland interestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryforthe understandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschool chemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenable themtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow. Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasan improperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthe majorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeento developtheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistry iscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespread applicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyaltered thesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepractical chemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothe student.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhas alwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiod allottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicand biochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthe studyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganic andorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectionon biochemistry.Thefundamentalpointssuggestedin theCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthe biochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitamins nutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthe fundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse. Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovarious coursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscovered inthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhere minimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseis sixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage. WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsof Nursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredto takebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapathetic attitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymay wellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganic organicandbiochemistry.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutreadingthebook
Text4 Horsethievescattlerustlers bankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewere butsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19th century.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbutthe outlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscruples whenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.The careersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheir deedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts. TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100 yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonial Era.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopeto profitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.Intheyearsjustbeforethe RevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolina werebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators. AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmore opportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswere highwaymenandriverpirates.Highwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootor horsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhio Mississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth. CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushesto CaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrains carryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.Bank robberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfound itswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthe firsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.Afterthe CivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboring states.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations. Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwater rightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexas rangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland. Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontierera waspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedinthe slumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.Withthearrival ofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganized crimeasitexiststoday.WhathappenedimmediatelyaftertheAmericanRevolution
Text2 Thisbookiswrittenexpressly forstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefuland interestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryforthe understandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschool chemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenable themtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow. Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasan improperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthe majorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeento developtheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistry iscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespread applicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyaltered thesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepractical chemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothe student.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhas alwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiod allottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicand biochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthe studyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganic andorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectionon biochemistry.Thefundamentalpointssuggestedin theCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthe biochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitamins nutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthe fundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse. Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovarious coursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscovered inthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhere minimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseis sixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage. WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsof Nursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredto takebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapathetic attitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymay wellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganic organicandbiochemistry.Para.4suggeststhatonecharacteristicofthisbookisits______.
Text2 Thisbookiswrittenexpressly forstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefuland interestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryforthe understandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschool chemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenable themtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow. Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasan improperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthe majorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeento developtheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistry iscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespread applicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyaltered thesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepractical chemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothe student.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhas alwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiod allottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicand biochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthe studyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganic andorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectionon biochemistry.Thefundamentalpointssuggestedin theCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthe biochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitamins nutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthe fundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse. Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovarious coursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscovered inthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhere minimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseis sixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage. WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsof Nursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredto takebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapathetic attitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymay wellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganic organicandbiochemistry.Thepurposeofthisbookis______.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionis typifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonster embodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisaboutto grabandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarth girl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandeven importantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypescience fictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanother contemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesinthe relationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse. Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureand whileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterary genreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwell worthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesame things.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthe followingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre whichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemand followstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthis definitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthe basicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture. Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isavery importantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussions ofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryora novel.Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwith KarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswell knownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightly larger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosay thatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsin muchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdeal withallothernovelsandshortstories. Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliesto sciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovel musthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageand theme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwith interpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim. Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesameways thatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultof aparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingand language.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionand thewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbe foranyotherstoryornovel.Anappropriatetitleforthispassagewouldbe______.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionis typifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonster embodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisaboutto grabandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarth girl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandeven importantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypescience fictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanother contemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesinthe relationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse. Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureand whileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterary genreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwell worthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesame things.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthe followingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre whichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemand followstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthis definitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthe basicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture. Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isavery importantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussions ofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryora novel.Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwith KarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswell knownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightly larger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosay thatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsin muchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdeal withallothernovelsandshortstories. Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliesto sciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovel musthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageand theme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwith interpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim. Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesameways thatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultof aparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingand language.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionand thewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbe foranyotherstoryornovel.Thefinalsentenceinthetextimpliesthat______.
Text4 Horsethievescattlerustlers bankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewere butsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19th century.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbutthe outlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscruples whenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.The careersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheir deedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts. TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100 yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonial Era.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopeto profitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.Intheyearsjustbeforethe RevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolina werebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators. AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmore opportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswere highwaymenandriverpirates.Highwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootor horsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhio Mississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth. CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushesto CaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrains carryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.Bank robberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfound itswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthe firsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.Afterthe CivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboring states.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations. Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwater rightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexas rangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland. Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontierera waspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedinthe slumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.Withthearrival ofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganized crimeasitexiststoday.Moderncrimeischaracterizedby
Thefollowingtablegivesstatisticsshowingtheaspectsofqualityoflifeinfivecountries.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthetablebelow. Country GNPperheadUSdollqrs Dailycaloriesupplyperhead Lifeexpectancyatbirthyears Infantmortalityratesper1000livebirths Bangladesh 140 1877 40 132 Bolivia 570 2086 50 124 Egypt 690 2950 56 97 Indonesia 580 2296 49 87 USA 13160 3652 74 12
Text3 Newclaimsforunemployment insurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewer workersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreported onThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjobless benefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevel sinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourth straightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargely boostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaper productsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarch thebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoods includingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefense equipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-which sharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduring therecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday. Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43 pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.In thejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthe levelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscoming fromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederal extensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.Congressrecentlypassed legislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextension ofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthe layoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefilling requirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthanin previousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhich smoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevel sincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceive unemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20 evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs. Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrong enoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7 percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’s joblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000 jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreport onFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsome economistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune. Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-off workersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.Giventhefledging reboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterest rates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjusted interestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecession whichbeganinMay2001.WhichofthefollowingwasontheriseinApril
Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussing environmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisan environmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanity isworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollows fromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrends havebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating.Ourworld nowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcould sustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeep themselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewho hatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinary triumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature. 41．______Itisamazingbuttruethataresource shortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroff thaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningby everymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackas weknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughout historydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryof aresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteand indirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithout effort.44．______Weareconfidentthatthenature ofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclot inthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocal problemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateor increasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporary large-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfrom humanhistory.[A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarcein seventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoaland whaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandthe resiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicand socialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusually leaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthe greatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.In thelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthe mid-30’sto70’s.[D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrow forthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicate despairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblem thatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished.[E]Itwill happenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesas enterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsand sometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmind andwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslower economicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensity adragoneconomicdevelopment.[G]Wedon’tsaythatall iswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture. Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectual povertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ineverycultivatedlanguage therearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewhole vocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecome acquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatisto sayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliar associatesand4weshouldknowanduse5 wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommon thingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7the language.Suchwordsmaybecalledpopularsincetheybelongtothepeople 8andarenottheexclusive9ofa limitedclass.Ontheotherhandourlanguage 10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11 usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoevery educatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathome orinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomes notfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofour school-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthat we16orthemore17conversationof highlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18 inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19 ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalledlearnedandthe 20betweenthemandthepopularwordsisofgreat importancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ineverycultivatedlanguage therearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewhole vocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecome acquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatisto sayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliar associatesand4weshouldknowanduse5 wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommon thingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7the language.Suchwordsmaybecalledpopularsincetheybelongtothepeople 8andarenottheexclusive9ofa limitedclass.Ontheotherhandourlanguage 10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11 usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoevery educatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathome orinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomes notfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofour school-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthat we16orthemore17conversationof highlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18 inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19 ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalledlearnedandthe 20betweenthemandthepopularwordsisofgreat importancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess.
Text3 Newclaimsforunemployment insurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewer workersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreported onThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjobless benefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevel sinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourth straightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargely boostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaper productsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarch thebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoods includingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefense equipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-which sharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduring therecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday. Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43 pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.In thejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthe levelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscoming fromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederal extensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.Congressrecentlypassed legislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextension ofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthe layoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefilling requirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthanin previousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhich smoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevel sincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceive unemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20 evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs. Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrong enoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7 percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’s joblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000 jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreport onFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsome economistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune. Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-off workersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.Giventhefledging reboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterest rates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjusted interestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecession whichbeganinMay2001.Whatisthepresentsituationofthemanufacturingindustry
Text4 Horsethievescattlerustlers bankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewere butsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19th century.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbutthe outlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscruples whenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.The careersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheir deedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts. TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100 yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonial Era.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopeto profitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.Intheyearsjustbeforethe RevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolina werebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators. AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmore opportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswere highwaymenandriverpirates.Highwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootor horsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhio Mississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth. CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushesto CaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrains carryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.Bank robberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfound itswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthe firsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.Afterthe CivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboring states.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations. Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwater rightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexas rangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland. Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontierera waspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedinthe slumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.Withthearrival ofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganized crimeasitexiststoday.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthorindicatesthat______.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. Itispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegrees inEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods. Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularly unfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistof authorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomen scholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting. Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooks establishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsfor revisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsan experimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedto raisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningfor anymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsofthe conventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmall problemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthough thisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficially familiarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Instead studentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglected eighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthentic experienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibility forthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’swork presentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose. 49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatit couldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmastering theliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’s playThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrations ofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．In additionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyasher continuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthe canonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissues concerningthecurrentcanon.Therangeof Griffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleading authorityonaparticularGriffithtext.Forexampleastudentstudying Griffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudiedit forsomeweeks.Thisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitle transformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Such experiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittle attentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopefora lifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
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