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That boys and girls—and men and women—are programmed by evolution to behave differently from one ...
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"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays"peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Accordingtothetextnucleartippedmissilesandcannonball-sizesteelspheresPara.5
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight. Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential. InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent. ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission--saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence. ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther. OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope. ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless. Thephrasesteppedupanotchparagraph5mostprobablymeans
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 13
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 19
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance.
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. 49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegmentsthemagazinesaid.
[A]Manynowtakeissuewiththisview.Severaleconomistsreckonthatthebrain-drainhypothesisfailstoaccountfortheeffectsofremittancesforthebeneficialeffectsofreturningmigrantsandforthepossibilitythatbeingabletomigratetogreenerpasturesinducespeopletogetmoreeducation.Somearguethatoncethesefactorsaretakenintoaccountanexodusofhighlyskilledpeoplecouldturnouttobeanetbenefittothecountriestheyleave.RecentstudiesofmigrationfromcountriesasfarapartasGhanaFijiIndiaandRomaniahavefoundsupportforthis"braingain"idea. [B]Therearemoresubtlewaysinwhichthedepartureofsomeskilledpeoplemayaidpoorercountries.Someemigrantswouldhavebeenjoblesshadtheystayed.StudieshavefoundthatunemploymentratesamongyoungpeoplewithcollegedegreesincountrieslikeMoroccoandTunisiaareseveralmultiplesofthoseamongthepoorlyeducatedperhapsbecausegraduatesaremoredemanding.Migrationmayleadtoamoreproductivepairingofpeople’sskillsandjobs.Someofthebenefitsofthisimprovedmatchthenflowbacktothemigrant’shomecountrymostdirectlyviaremittances. [C]ThepossibilityofemigrationmayevenhavebeneficialeffectsonthosewhochoosetostaybygivingpeopleinDoorcountriesanincentivetoinvestineducation.AstudyofCapeVerdeansfindsthatanincreaseoftenpercentagepointsinyoungpeople’sperceivedprobabilityofemigratingraisestheprobabilityoftheircompletingsecondaryschoolbyaroundeightpoints. [D]Whenpeopleinrichcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheytendtothinkoflow-paidincomerswhocompeteforjobsasconstructionworkersdishwashersorfarmhands.WhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdecampingtoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritainCanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates. [E]Themostobviouswayinwhichmigrantsrepaytheirhomelandsisthroughremittances.Workersfromdevelopingcountriesremittedatotalof$325billionin2010accordingtotheWorldBank.Askilledmigrantmayearnseveralmultiplesofwhathisincomewouldhavebeenhadhestayedathome.AstudyofRomanianmigrantstoAmericafoundthattheaverageemigrantearnedalmost$12000ayearmoreinAmericathanhewouldhavedoneinhisnativelandahugepremiumforsomeonefromacountrywhereincomeperpersonisaround$7500. [F]Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Bysomeestimatestwo-thirds-ofhighlyeducatedCapeVerdeansliveoutsidethecountry.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomiesdeprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversitiesworkedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake. [G]Itistruethatmanyskilledmigrantshavebeeneducatedandtrainedpartlyattheexpenseoftheirgovernments.Somearguethatpoorcountriesshouldthereforerethinkhowmuchtheyspendonhighereducation.ButanewstudyofremittancessenthomebyGhanaianmigrantssuggeststhatonaveragetheytransferenoughovertheirworkinglivestocovertheamountspentoneducatingthemseveraltimesover.Thestudyfindsthatonceremittancesaretakenintoaccountthecostofeducationwouldhavetobe5.6timestheofficialfiguretomakeitalosingpropositionforGhana. 41
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 17
Idon’tknowifthere’ssomethinginthewaterbutmytownhasexplodedwithtonsofsinglepeople!JustlastyearpracticallytheonlyeligiblesIknewweremydivorcedfriendPattimybudFulgenciohubbyRick’sbarflypatCraigandJimmythepizzadeliveryguy.ButnowIfind-outthatmycousinMichelleisleavinghersecondhusbandandarecentchit-chatwithmybuilding’smanagerSandyrevealedthatshehasn’thadaseriousrelationshipinalmostfiveyears!BesidesthatatleastfivesuspectedsingletonshavemovedintomybuildingsinceJune.Five! Foranincurableromanticlikemethisisheartbreaking.Peoplearemeanttohavesweeties!Ifeelsosorryforsinglepeople.HowcantheybeargoingthroughlifealoneIknowalotofthemputup.that"independent"frontorusethat"I’mjustwaitingfortherightperson"defensebutthey’rekiddingthemselves.WhywouldanyoneturnuphernoseattheprospectofabeautifulweddingagorgeousbridalgownandastunningrockonherfingerShewouldn’t.WhywouldanyoneshakeastickatawarmdinnereverynightacomfortablehomeandabeautifulbrideItjustisn’trational.AndIdon’tliketobeharshbutfranklyit’sdepressingtoseesinglesoutinpublic.WhenIseeagirlshoppingforgroceriesbyherselforasolitaryguyreadingwhilehewaitsforabusIcan’thelpbutsensethehollownessthatsinglepersonfeelsinside.I’mpartiallypsychicsoI’mawareofotherpeople’sinnerfeelings. WellthisValentine’sDayI’mnotgoingtobeselfish.Peoplelikemepeopleinsuccessfullastingrelationshipsareduty-boundtosharetheirromanticwisdomwiththelessfortunate.Grantedit’sbeenawhilesinceI’vebeenonthedatingScenesomychopsareabitrusty.InfacthubbyRickisjustabouttheonlyguyI’veeverdatedUnlessyoucountmypickfortheSadieHawkinsdanceinseventhgradeJordyDeVoewhoditchedmeafterabout15minutes.OrthisOrientalkidnamedThantwhowrappedlovenotesaroundlunchroomcookiesandslippedthemintomylockerinninthgrade.ButRickandIhavebeenmarriednearly20yearssoImustbedoingsomethingright.DrythosetearsSingletons!Pullyour-selvestogetherandlistentoWifeyJean.IfyoufollowmyadviceI’llbetyoudollarstodonutsthatyou’llfindyourPrinceCharmingorPrincessEnchantinginnotime! WhatdoestheauthormeanbyIdon’tknowifthereissomethinginthewaterLine1.Paragraph1
Directions: YouaresupposedtowritefortheEnglishClubanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalseminaronalternativeenergy.Thenoticeshouldincludethebasicqualificationsforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelevant. Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"EnglishClub"instead.
Workhardandgetahead.That’swhateveryAmericanlearnsgrowingupbutformillionsofthemit’sgettinghardertotellthedifferencebetweenworkinghardandbeingaworkaholic."Thelinehappenswhenyoucomehomeonedayandyourhusbandisn’tthereandyoudidn’trealizeheleftyouaweekago"StephenViscusisaid.ViscusiisCEOoftheViscusiGroup. Theactualreasonsforbecomingaworkaholicarequitevaried.Itmightinvolveaneedinsomeonetoalwaysstayastepaheadoftheirco-workersoranyoneelsetheyperceiveasacompetitivethreat.Itcouldbeadesiretoneverleavetheofficeatnightwithouttyingupanylooseendssuchasreturninganemailwritingamemoorgettingapackageout.Itmightbeasingle-mindedcommitmenttobeingsuccessfulgainingpromotionafterpromotionnomatterwhatthecost. WorkaholicsAnonymous—a"fellowshipofindividualswhosharetheirexperiencestrengthandhopewitheachotherthattheymaysolvetheircommonproblemsandhelpotherstorecoverfromworkholism"—lists20questionstoaskyourselfifyouthinkyoumaybeaworkaholicincludingwhetheryougetmoreexcitedaboutworkthananythingelseandworkmorethan40hoursperweek.viscusisaidagoodindicationthatyou’reaworkaholicisifyouareconstantlyelectronicallyconnectedtotheofficewhetherbycellphoneBlackBerryorlaptop. Workaholism’seffectsonthefamilycanbedevastatingViscusisaidwiththeconsequenceseventuallymanifestingthemselvesastheywouldwithanyotheraddictioninbrokenmarriagesandbrokenhomes.BrianRobinsonaprofessorattheUniversityofNorthCarolinatold"20/20"in1999thatchildrenofworkaholicsdevelopedthesamedisordersaschildrenofalcoholicssuchasdepressionandanxietythatcrippledthemlaterinlife. Viscusiofferedthefollowingtipsforworkaholicstryingtomakeachange.Don’ttakeoneveryproject.Don’tsayyestoeveryone.Learntheartofsaying"Ican’thandleanymore."Alsodoesn’titseemlikeexerciseisgoodforeverythingItisrecommendedaspartofeveryself-helpregime—wellthisisnodifference.Exerciseandyogahelpyouandit’sthehardestplacetogetanyworkdone.Nocellphonesallowed!Similartoahobbydoingsomethingwithoutaskingforanypaymentinreturnletsyoufocusonsomethingotherthanworkoryourjob.Itcangiveyouadifferentperspectiveandadifferentwaytomeetnewpeople. WorkaholicsAnonymousismostlikelytobea
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 5
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.Whatabouttheconstitutionalbanon"religioustests"forpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralperson"findingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexercise"EvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasison"Judeo-Christianvalues."Itwashewhowrote"WehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart." GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.The"wallofseparation"theFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-Christiantraditionas"themostbloodyreligionthateverexisted"andthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross. Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.Jeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewto"questionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod."JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace. Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethat"governmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyareto"limitedgovernment"oughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth. WhenmentioningQuakerwomenPara.2theauthoristalkingabout
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 7
Theconceptionofpovertyandwhatto1aboutithavechangedoverthedecades.UnderSocialDarwinismthelazyandthe2weresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladderas3ofthe"lawofsurvivalofthefittest".Societywas4asanetworkofself-sufficientfamilieswhichprovidedfortheirown.5personsoutsideahouseholdorphansthe6elderlyandthecrippledwereprovidedoutdoorreliefgrudginglyandasatemporaryexpedient权宜之计.Althoughitwas7that"thepoorwillalwaysbewithus"theindividualwasexpectedtoimprovehimself8actsofhisownwill.Charitywasthoughttobethe9ofidleness.Bykeepingwageslowlaborerswouldbe10toworkharder. Atabouttheturnofthecenturythebeginningofconcernaboutnatural11broughtuneasinessaboutthepossiblespreadofbeggary.Therewasapotentiallydangerousclassin12ofdiseaseanddisorder.The"poor"were13asdifferentfrom"paupers"Pauperswereindividualswell14tobeingonthelowendofthesocioeconomic15Withoutshameorbitternesstheywouldnotseekindependenceanda"16"life.Forthemountaineersthesubsistencedwellersandsomeslumdwellersthelackofwealth17hasbeenarguedreflectsapreferencenottopaythepsychologicalcostsofthestruggleforfichesorofadoptingthemiddleclassworkethicofstriving.In18theworthypoorstruggledto19theirlotagainstcircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol:lowwagessicknessindustrial20widowhood孀居andsoon. 19
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight. Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential. InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent. ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission--saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence. ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther. OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope. ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless. WhydidtheEUseldomfinancebasicscientificresearchinthepast
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 9
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.Whatabouttheconstitutionalbanon"religioustests"forpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralperson"findingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexercise"EvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasison"Judeo-Christianvalues."Itwashewhowrote"WehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart." GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.The"wallofseparation"theFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-Christiantraditionas"themostbloodyreligionthateverexisted"andthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross. Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.Jeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewto"questionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod."JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace. Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethat"governmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyareto"limitedgovernment"oughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth. Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 11
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.Whatabouttheconstitutionalbanon"religioustests"forpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralperson"findingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexercise"EvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasison"Judeo-Christianvalues."Itwashewhowrote"WehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart." GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.The"wallofseparation"theFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-Christiantraditionas"themostbloodyreligionthateverexisted"andthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross. Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.Jeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewto"questionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod."JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace. Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethat"governmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyareto"limitedgovernment"oughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 1
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight. Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential. InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent. ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission--saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence. ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther. OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope. ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless. ERC’sultimatesuccessseemstoliein
Theconceptionofpovertyandwhatto1aboutithavechangedoverthedecades.UnderSocialDarwinismthelazyandthe2weresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladderas3ofthe"lawofsurvivalofthefittest".Societywas4asanetworkofself-sufficientfamilieswhichprovidedfortheirown.5personsoutsideahouseholdorphansthe6elderlyandthecrippledwereprovidedoutdoorreliefgrudginglyandasatemporaryexpedient权宜之计.Althoughitwas7that"thepoorwillalwaysbewithus"theindividualwasexpectedtoimprovehimself8actsofhisownwill.Charitywasthoughttobethe9ofidleness.Bykeepingwageslowlaborerswouldbe10toworkharder. Atabouttheturnofthecenturythebeginningofconcernaboutnatural11broughtuneasinessaboutthepossiblespreadofbeggary.Therewasapotentiallydangerousclassin12ofdiseaseanddisorder.The"poor"were13asdifferentfrom"paupers"Pauperswereindividualswell14tobeingonthelowendofthesocioeconomic15Withoutshameorbitternesstheywouldnotseekindependenceanda"16"life.Forthemountaineersthesubsistencedwellersandsomeslumdwellersthelackofwealth17hasbeenarguedreflectsapreferencenottopaythepsychologicalcostsofthestruggleforfichesorofadoptingthemiddleclassworkethicofstriving.In18theworthypoorstruggledto19theirlotagainstcircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol:lowwagessicknessindustrial20widowhood孀居andsoon. 17
Idon’tknowifthere’ssomethinginthewaterbutmytownhasexplodedwithtonsofsinglepeople!JustlastyearpracticallytheonlyeligiblesIknewweremydivorcedfriendPattimybudFulgenciohubbyRick’sbarflypatCraigandJimmythepizzadeliveryguy.ButnowIfind-outthatmycousinMichelleisleavinghersecondhusbandandarecentchit-chatwithmybuilding’smanagerSandyrevealedthatshehasn’thadaseriousrelationshipinalmostfiveyears!BesidesthatatleastfivesuspectedsingletonshavemovedintomybuildingsinceJune.Five! Foranincurableromanticlikemethisisheartbreaking.Peoplearemeanttohavesweeties!Ifeelsosorryforsinglepeople.HowcantheybeargoingthroughlifealoneIknowalotofthemputup.that"independent"frontorusethat"I’mjustwaitingfortherightperson"defensebutthey’rekiddingthemselves.WhywouldanyoneturnuphernoseattheprospectofabeautifulweddingagorgeousbridalgownandastunningrockonherfingerShewouldn’t.WhywouldanyoneshakeastickatawarmdinnereverynightacomfortablehomeandabeautifulbrideItjustisn’trational.AndIdon’tliketobeharshbutfranklyit’sdepressingtoseesinglesoutinpublic.WhenIseeagirlshoppingforgroceriesbyherselforasolitaryguyreadingwhilehewaitsforabusIcan’thelpbutsensethehollownessthatsinglepersonfeelsinside.I’mpartiallypsychicsoI’mawareofotherpeople’sinnerfeelings. WellthisValentine’sDayI’mnotgoingtobeselfish.Peoplelikemepeopleinsuccessfullastingrelationshipsareduty-boundtosharetheirromanticwisdomwiththelessfortunate.Grantedit’sbeenawhilesinceI’vebeenonthedatingScenesomychopsareabitrusty.InfacthubbyRickisjustabouttheonlyguyI’veeverdatedUnlessyoucountmypickfortheSadieHawkinsdanceinseventhgradeJordyDeVoewhoditchedmeafterabout15minutes.OrthisOrientalkidnamedThantwhowrappedlovenotesaroundlunchroomcookiesandslippedthemintomylockerinninthgrade.ButRickandIhavebeenmarriednearly20yearssoImustbedoingsomethingright.DrythosetearsSingletons!Pullyour-selvestogetherandlistentoWifeyJean.IfyoufollowmyadviceI’llbetyoudollarstodonutsthatyou’llfindyourPrinceCharmingorPrincessEnchantinginnotime! Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthosesinglepeople
[A]Manynowtakeissuewiththisview.Severaleconomistsreckonthatthebrain-drainhypothesisfailstoaccountfortheeffectsofremittancesforthebeneficialeffectsofreturningmigrantsandforthepossibilitythatbeingabletomigratetogreenerpasturesinducespeopletogetmoreeducation.Somearguethatoncethesefactorsaretakenintoaccountanexodusofhighlyskilledpeoplecouldturnouttobeanetbenefittothecountriestheyleave.RecentstudiesofmigrationfromcountriesasfarapartasGhanaFijiIndiaandRomaniahavefoundsupportforthis"braingain"idea. [B]Therearemoresubtlewaysinwhichthedepartureofsomeskilledpeoplemayaidpoorercountries.Someemigrantswouldhavebeenjoblesshadtheystayed.StudieshavefoundthatunemploymentratesamongyoungpeoplewithcollegedegreesincountrieslikeMoroccoandTunisiaareseveralmultiplesofthoseamongthepoorlyeducatedperhapsbecausegraduatesaremoredemanding.Migrationmayleadtoamoreproductivepairingofpeople’sskillsandjobs.Someofthebenefitsofthisimprovedmatchthenflowbacktothemigrant’shomecountrymostdirectlyviaremittances. [C]ThepossibilityofemigrationmayevenhavebeneficialeffectsonthosewhochoosetostaybygivingpeopleinDoorcountriesanincentivetoinvestineducation.AstudyofCapeVerdeansfindsthatanincreaseoftenpercentagepointsinyoungpeople’sperceivedprobabilityofemigratingraisestheprobabilityoftheircompletingsecondaryschoolbyaroundeightpoints. [D]Whenpeopleinrichcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheytendtothinkoflow-paidincomerswhocompeteforjobsasconstructionworkersdishwashersorfarmhands.WhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdecampingtoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritainCanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates. [E]Themostobviouswayinwhichmigrantsrepaytheirhomelandsisthroughremittances.Workersfromdevelopingcountriesremittedatotalof$325billionin2010accordingtotheWorldBank.Askilledmigrantmayearnseveralmultiplesofwhathisincomewouldhavebeenhadhestayedathome.AstudyofRomanianmigrantstoAmericafoundthattheaverageemigrantearnedalmost$12000ayearmoreinAmericathanhewouldhavedoneinhisnativelandahugepremiumforsomeonefromacountrywhereincomeperpersonisaround$7500. [F]Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Bysomeestimatestwo-thirds-ofhighlyeducatedCapeVerdeansliveoutsidethecountry.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomiesdeprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversitiesworkedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake. [G]Itistruethatmanyskilledmigrantshavebeeneducatedandtrainedpartlyattheexpenseoftheirgovernments.Somearguethatpoorcountriesshouldthereforerethinkhowmuchtheyspendonhighereducation.ButanewstudyofremittancessenthomebyGhanaianmigrantssuggeststhatonaveragetheytransferenoughovertheirworkinglivestocovertheamountspentoneducatingthemseveraltimesover.Thestudyfindsthatonceremittancesaretakenintoaccountthecostofeducationwouldhavetobe5.6timestheofficialfiguretomakeitalosingpropositionforGhana. 45
"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays"peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Whenmentioningthethe3000-to-12000-megatonrangePara.3thewriteristalkingabout
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 15
[A]Manynowtakeissuewiththisview.Severaleconomistsreckonthatthebrain-drainhypothesisfailstoaccountfortheeffectsofremittancesforthebeneficialeffectsofreturningmigrantsandforthepossibilitythatbeingabletomigratetogreenerpasturesinducespeopletogetmoreeducation.Somearguethatoncethesefactorsaretakenintoaccountanexodusofhighlyskilledpeoplecouldturnouttobeanetbenefittothecountriestheyleave.RecentstudiesofmigrationfromcountriesasfarapartasGhanaFijiIndiaandRomaniahavefoundsupportforthis"braingain"idea. [B]Therearemoresubtlewaysinwhichthedepartureofsomeskilledpeoplemayaidpoorercountries.Someemigrantswouldhavebeenjoblesshadtheystayed.StudieshavefoundthatunemploymentratesamongyoungpeoplewithcollegedegreesincountrieslikeMoroccoandTunisiaareseveralmultiplesofthoseamongthepoorlyeducatedperhapsbecausegraduatesaremoredemanding.Migrationmayleadtoamoreproductivepairingofpeople’sskillsandjobs.Someofthebenefitsofthisimprovedmatchthenflowbacktothemigrant’shomecountrymostdirectlyviaremittances. [C]ThepossibilityofemigrationmayevenhavebeneficialeffectsonthosewhochoosetostaybygivingpeopleinDoorcountriesanincentivetoinvestineducation.AstudyofCapeVerdeansfindsthatanincreaseoftenpercentagepointsinyoungpeople’sperceivedprobabilityofemigratingraisestheprobabilityoftheircompletingsecondaryschoolbyaroundeightpoints. [D]Whenpeopleinrichcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheytendtothinkoflow-paidincomerswhocompeteforjobsasconstructionworkersdishwashersorfarmhands.WhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigrationtheyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdecampingtoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritainCanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates. [E]Themostobviouswayinwhichmigrantsrepaytheirhomelandsisthroughremittances.Workersfromdevelopingcountriesremittedatotalof$325billionin2010accordingtotheWorldBank.Askilledmigrantmayearnseveralmultiplesofwhathisincomewouldhavebeenhadhestayedathome.AstudyofRomanianmigrantstoAmericafoundthattheaverageemigrantearnedalmost$12000ayearmoreinAmericathanhewouldhavedoneinhisnativelandahugepremiumforsomeonefromacountrywhereincomeperpersonisaround$7500. [F]Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.Bysomeestimatestwo-thirds-ofhighlyeducatedCapeVerdeansliveoutsidethecountry.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomiesdeprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversitiesworkedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake. [G]Itistruethatmanyskilledmigrantshavebeeneducatedandtrainedpartlyattheexpenseoftheirgovernments.Somearguethatpoorcountriesshouldthereforerethinkhowmuchtheyspendonhighereducation.ButanewstudyofremittancessenthomebyGhanaianmigrantssuggeststhatonaveragetheytransferenoughovertheirworkinglivestocovertheamountspentoneducatingthemseveraltimesover.Thestudyfindsthatonceremittancesaretakenintoaccountthecostofeducationwouldhavetobe5.6timestheofficialfiguretomakeitalosingpropositionforGhana. 43
Workhardandgetahead.That’swhateveryAmericanlearnsgrowingupbutformillionsofthemit’sgettinghardertotellthedifferencebetweenworkinghardandbeingaworkaholic."Thelinehappenswhenyoucomehomeonedayandyourhusbandisn’tthereandyoudidn’trealizeheleftyouaweekago"StephenViscusisaid.ViscusiisCEOoftheViscusiGroup. Theactualreasonsforbecomingaworkaholicarequitevaried.Itmightinvolveaneedinsomeonetoalwaysstayastepaheadoftheirco-workersoranyoneelsetheyperceiveasacompetitivethreat.Itcouldbeadesiretoneverleavetheofficeatnightwithouttyingupanylooseendssuchasreturninganemailwritingamemoorgettingapackageout.Itmightbeasingle-mindedcommitmenttobeingsuccessfulgainingpromotionafterpromotionnomatterwhatthecost. WorkaholicsAnonymous—a"fellowshipofindividualswhosharetheirexperiencestrengthandhopewitheachotherthattheymaysolvetheircommonproblemsandhelpotherstorecoverfromworkholism"—lists20questionstoaskyourselfifyouthinkyoumaybeaworkaholicincludingwhetheryougetmoreexcitedaboutworkthananythingelseandworkmorethan40hoursperweek.viscusisaidagoodindicationthatyou’reaworkaholicisifyouareconstantlyelectronicallyconnectedtotheofficewhetherbycellphoneBlackBerryorlaptop. Workaholism’seffectsonthefamilycanbedevastatingViscusisaidwiththeconsequenceseventuallymanifestingthemselvesastheywouldwithanyotheraddictioninbrokenmarriagesandbrokenhomes.BrianRobinsonaprofessorattheUniversityofNorthCarolinatold"20/20"in1999thatchildrenofworkaholicsdevelopedthesamedisordersaschildrenofalcoholicssuchasdepressionandanxietythatcrippledthemlaterinlife. Viscusiofferedthefollowingtipsforworkaholicstryingtomakeachange.Don’ttakeoneveryproject.Don’tsayyestoeveryone.Learntheartofsaying"Ican’thandleanymore."Alsodoesn’titseemlikeexerciseisgoodforeverythingItisrecommendedaspartofeveryself-helpregime—wellthisisnodifference.Exerciseandyogahelpyouandit’sthehardestplacetogetanyworkdone.Nocellphonesallowed!Similartoahobbydoingsomethingwithoutaskingforanypaymentinreturnletsyoufocusonsomethingotherthanworkoryourjob.Itcangiveyouadifferentperspectiveandadifferentwaytomeetnewpeople. Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheeffectsofworkaholiconfamilies
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 3
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