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第3篇ShamingPunishmentsLastmonthJamesConnollyajuniorattheUniversityofMassachusettsstoodinfrontofalocalpolicestationwearingatoga长袍aspunishment.HiscrimeHewaschargedwithunderagedrinkingillegalpossessionofalcoholandexcessivenoisewhileholdingaparty.ThisshamingpunishmenthasincreasedintheUSinrecentyearsmostlyimposedbylocaljudgesforlessseriouscrimessuchasdrunkdrivingandtheft.Theybelieveshameisthebestpettycrimedeterrent威慑.ForexampleinTennesseeJudgeJamesMcKenziehasmadeshoplifters商店货物扒手standoutsideWal-MartwithsignsthatreadIamathiefputherebyorderofJudgeMcKenzieAlternativepunishmentslikecommunityserviceandfinesdon’tconveymoralcondemnation谴责ofthecriminal.saidDanKahanaUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolprofessorinanarticlepublishedontheuniversity’swebsite.Theyaren’tshamefulenough.ShamingpunishmentsaresometimescalledScarlet红色的Letterpunishments.ThenamecomesfromUSauthorNathanielHawthorne’s1850novelTheScarletLetter.InthisnovelawomanisforcedtowearascarletAonherclothesaspunishmentforheradultery通奸.HoweverUniversityofIowalawprofessorAndrewHosmaneksaidthereisanimportantdifferencebetweentheshamingpunishmentsofcolonialAmericaandthoseassignedinstateslikeTennessee.Earlysocietiesoftenhadareacceptanceceremonytowelcometheoffenderbackintomainsociety.saysHosmanek.ContemporarypunishmentsinAmericalackthis.Supportersofshamingpunishmentarguethatpublicshamingisagoodwayofexpressingcommunityvalues.Somejudgessayshamedoffendersseldomrepeattheircrimes.Othersaren’tsosure.Thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatshamingpunishmentsaresuccessfulinpreventingpeoplefromcommittingspecificcrimes.Andashamedcriminalmayfaceahardbattletoregaincredibilityinsociety.saidHosmanek.Soashamingpunishmentmayforcetheoffenderintomorecrimestosupporthimself.Expertsalsodebateshamingpunishment’sdamagetohumandignity.Sincethepointistoshameit’sofcoursedegrading侮辱人格的.saidLindaMalonedirectoroftheHumanRightsandNationalSecurityLawProgrammeatWilliamandMaryLawSchool.USlawonlyprohibitspunishmentthatis’cruelandunusual’-not’inhumananddegrading’.It’sverydifficultforathieftoprovethatholdingasigninfrontofWal-Martis’cruelandunusual’./Thewordsuggest’inParagraph9couldbebestreplacedby______.
MymostfavoritesportisbasketballandI'mamemberofourbasketballteam.
CWithonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworldChinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies.That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhasbeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalledNoah’sArk.Dr.DuaneKraemeraprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerinembryo胚胎transferworkandrelatedproceduressayshesalutestheChineseeffortandIwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileprojectcertainlynotaneasyoneandit’sverymuchlikewhatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M--tosaveanimalsfromextinction.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggsembryossemen精子andDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.IfcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinctKraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammalsbirdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctoverthenext100years.ThepandanativeonlytoChinaisindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.ThisweekChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.ThenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasyandthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblemKraemerbelieves.Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficultbutthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.TheyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisksoitisworththeeffortaddsKraemerwhoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&Mthefirsteverattemptatcloningadog.Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendoneandthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded./HowlongwilltheChinesepandacloningprojecttakeaccordingtothepassage
GThepolicefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates.Morethan135000demonstratorsconfrontedthepoliceontheconstructionsiteofa1000-megawattnuclearpowerplantscheduledtoprovidepowertomostofSouthernNewHampshire.Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaidthattheprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedareawouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebayandhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.Thisprojectwillbeginontimeandthepeopleofthisstatewillbegintoreceiveitsbenefitsonschedule.Thosewhobreakthelawinmisguidedattemptstosabotagetheprojectwillbedealtwithaccordingtothelawhesaid.Andthepolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.TheprotestsbeganbeforedawnFridaywhenseveralthousanddemonstratorsbrokethroughthepolicelinesaroundthecordoned-offconstructionsite.TheycarriedplacardsthatreadNoNukesisGoodNukesSunpowerNotNuclearPowerandStopPrivateProfitsfromPublicPeril.Theydefiedpoliceordertomovefromthearea.Teargascanistersfiredbythepolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadbeenpreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallythegas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.Theprotestorsdidnotresistthepolicebutrefusedtowalkawayundertheirownpower.Thosearrestedwouldbechargedwithunlawfulassemblytrespassinganddisturbingthepeace.Withwhomwerethejailsandcourtsoverloaded
Thenumberofstudentsareplayingfootballontheplayground.
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whathappenedtotheeightfatpeopleaftertheyleftthehospital
AHowshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflationLeftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife.TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves.Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings.Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandiesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.AfterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofitTheunderlinedphrasestatelyhomesinParagraph4means______.
CouldyoutellmesomethingwhatIhaven'tknown
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whatdidscientiststhinkwastrue
第1篇CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCitiesThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytradition.Peoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight.Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakeforanexcitingmetropolitanatmosphere.Squaresplazas广场andarcades拱廊formtheheartofEurope’scities.VeniceinItalyhasthePiazzaSanMarcoabeautifulsquaresurroundedbyshopschurchesrestaurantsandcafes.InBarcelonaSpainLaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods.London’sCoventGardenisfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusiciansacrobats杂技演员andartistsbynight.Thegovernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive.InLondontheyserveasabeautifulbackdrop背景tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames.Thesevibrant有活力的heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolutionsocialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently.ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakessaidGarreauThosehaveallbeenremoved.MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecarsobarsrestaurantsandcafeswereneartopeople’shomes.TodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans’lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters.Theyliveinthesuburbsandoutskirtsdrivingtosupermarketstogettheirsupplies.Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconventiontherearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalwayslivingandshoppinglocally.Thesepeopletogetherwithtouristsprovidethecitycenterswiththereasonforexistence.Coffeecultureplaysapartinkeepingthesecitycentersflourishing.ThisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.Thisskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos浓咖啡andcigarettes.Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelopingsociableatmosphere.PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisitthechurchonanalmostdailybasis.Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarketscafesandbarsinthesurroundingstreets.AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo.ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorenceItalyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshopsandcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowdsbutalsothelocalcommunity.WhichstatementisNOTtrueofCoventGarden
GThepolicefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates.Morethan135000demonstratorsconfrontedthepoliceontheconstructionsiteofa1000-megawattnuclearpowerplantscheduledtoprovidepowertomostofSouthernNewHampshire.Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaidthattheprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedareawouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebayandhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.Thisprojectwillbeginontimeandthepeopleofthisstatewillbegintoreceiveitsbenefitsonschedule.Thosewhobreakthelawinmisguidedattemptstosabotagetheprojectwillbedealtwithaccordingtothelawhesaid.Andthepolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.TheprotestsbeganbeforedawnFridaywhenseveralthousanddemonstratorsbrokethroughthepolicelinesaroundthecordoned-offconstructionsite.TheycarriedplacardsthatreadNoNukesisGoodNukesSunpowerNotNuclearPowerandStopPrivateProfitsfromPublicPeril.Theydefiedpoliceordertomovefromthearea.Teargascanistersfiredbythepolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadbeenpreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallythegas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.Theprotestorsdidnotresistthepolicebutrefusedtowalkawayundertheirownpower.Thosearrestedwouldbechargedwithunlawfulassemblytrespassinganddisturbingthepeace.Whohadgasmasks
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Theunderlinedwordvulnerableinthefourthparagraphprobablymeans______.
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whatwastheauthor’spurposewhenwritingthispassage
FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.In1700themenwhoprotectedthestreetswerepaid______.
AHowshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflationLeftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife.TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves.Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings.Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandiesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.AfterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofitByquoting引用theremarkofabeingfromanotherplanettheauthorintendsto______.
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.TheunderlinedwordchapterinParagraph2means______.
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.ItcouldbeinferredfromthetextthatmembersoftheRedHatSocietyare______.
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whatdeterminesyourweight
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whyisaspecialmaterialpaintedonthetree
EAtacertaintimeinourlivesweconsidereveryplaceasthepossiblesite地点forahouse.IhavethussearchedthecountrywithinadozenmilesofwhereIlive.InimaginationIhaveboughtallthefarmsoneafteranotherandIknewtheirprices.ThenearestthingthatIcametoactualownershipwaswhenIboughttheHollowellplace.Butbeforetheownercompletedthesalewithmehiswifechangedhermindandwishedtokeepitandheofferedmeadditionaldollarstoreturnthefarmtohim.HoweverIlethimkeeptheadditionaldollarsandsoldhimthefarmforjustwhatIhadgivenforit.TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitspositionbeingabouttwomilesfromthevillagehalfamilefromthenearestneighborbounded相邻ononesidebytheriverandseparatedfromthehighwaybyawidefield.Thepoorconditionofthehouseandfencesshowedthatithadn’tbeenusedforsometime.IrememberedfrommyearliesttripuptheriverthatthehouseusedtobehiddenbehindaforestareaandIwasinahurrytobuyitbeforetheownerfinishedgettingoutsomerockscuttingdowntheappletreesandclearingawaysomeyoungtreeswhichhadgrownupinthefields.Iwantedtobuyitbeforehemadeanymoreofhisimprovements.ButitturnedoutasIhavesaid.Iwasnotreallytroubledbytheloss.IhadalwayshadagardenbutIdon’tthinkIwasreadyforalargefarm.Ibelievethataslongaspossibleitisbettertolivefreeanduncommitted不受约束的.Itmakesbutlittledifferencewhetheryouownafarmornot.WhydidtheauthordecidetobuytheHollowellplace
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whyshouldpruningbedone
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonfortheincreasingprivatehealthcare
EAtacertaintimeinourlivesweconsidereveryplaceasthepossiblesite地点forahouse.IhavethussearchedthecountrywithinadozenmilesofwhereIlive.InimaginationIhaveboughtallthefarmsoneafteranotherandIknewtheirprices.ThenearestthingthatIcametoactualownershipwaswhenIboughttheHollowellplace.Butbeforetheownercompletedthesalewithmehiswifechangedhermindandwishedtokeepitandheofferedmeadditionaldollarstoreturnthefarmtohim.HoweverIlethimkeeptheadditionaldollarsandsoldhimthefarmforjustwhatIhadgivenforit.TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitspositionbeingabouttwomilesfromthevillagehalfamilefromthenearestneighborbounded相邻ononesidebytheriverandseparatedfromthehighwaybyawidefield.Thepoorconditionofthehouseandfencesshowedthatithadn’tbeenusedforsometime.IrememberedfrommyearliesttripuptheriverthatthehouseusedtobehiddenbehindaforestareaandIwasinahurrytobuyitbeforetheownerfinishedgettingoutsomerockscuttingdowntheappletreesandclearingawaysomeyoungtreeswhichhadgrownupinthefields.Iwantedtobuyitbeforehemadeanymoreofhisimprovements.ButitturnedoutasIhavesaid.Iwasnotreallytroubledbytheloss.IhadalwayshadagardenbutIdon’tthinkIwasreadyforalargefarm.Ibelievethataslongaspossibleitisbettertolivefreeanduncommitted不受约束的.Itmakesbutlittledifferencewhetheryouownafarmornot.Theunderlinedwordsthelossinthelastparagraphreferto______.
CWithonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworldChinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies.That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhasbeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalledNoah’sArk.Dr.DuaneKraemeraprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerinembryo胚胎transferworkandrelatedproceduressayshesalutestheChineseeffortandIwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileprojectcertainlynotaneasyoneandit’sverymuchlikewhatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M--tosaveanimalsfromextinction.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggsembryossemen精子andDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.IfcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinctKraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammalsbirdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctoverthenext100years.ThepandanativeonlytoChinaisindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.ThisweekChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.ThenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasyandthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblemKraemerbelieves.Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficultbutthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.TheyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisksoitisworththeeffortaddsKraemerwhoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&Mthefirsteverattemptatcloningadog.Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendoneandthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded./WhatcouldbethemajorproblemincloningpandasaccordingtoProfessorKraemer
FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.TodayLondonpoliceofficerswhoridehorsesarepaid______.
第1篇CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCitiesThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytradition.Peoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight.Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakeforanexcitingmetropolitanatmosphere.Squaresplazas广场andarcades拱廊formtheheartofEurope’scities.VeniceinItalyhasthePiazzaSanMarcoabeautifulsquaresurroundedbyshopschurchesrestaurantsandcafes.InBarcelonaSpainLaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods.London’sCoventGardenisfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusiciansacrobats杂技演员andartistsbynight.Thegovernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive.InLondontheyserveasabeautifulbackdrop背景tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames.Thesevibrant有活力的heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolutionsocialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently.ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakessaidGarreauThosehaveallbeenremoved.MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecarsobarsrestaurantsandcafeswereneartopeople’shomes.TodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans’lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters.Theyliveinthesuburbsandoutskirtsdrivingtosupermarketstogettheirsupplies.Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconventiontherearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalwayslivingandshoppinglocally.Thesepeopletogetherwithtouristsprovidethecitycenterswiththereasonforexistence.Coffeecultureplaysapartinkeepingthesecitycentersflourishing.ThisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.Thisskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos浓咖啡andcigarettes.Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelopingsociableatmosphere.PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisitthechurchonanalmostdailybasis.Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarketscafesandbarsinthesurroundingstreets.AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo.ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorenceItalyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshopsandcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowdsbutalsothelocalcommunity.WhatareParisiansfamousfor
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Theauthorofthispassageintendstotellus______.
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.WomenjointheRedHatSocietybecause______.
FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.Peopledidn’tleavetheirhousesbecause______.
第3篇ShamingPunishmentsLastmonthJamesConnollyajuniorattheUniversityofMassachusettsstoodinfrontofalocalpolicestationwearingatoga长袍aspunishment.HiscrimeHewaschargedwithunderagedrinkingillegalpossessionofalcoholandexcessivenoisewhileholdingaparty.ThisshamingpunishmenthasincreasedintheUSinrecentyearsmostlyimposedbylocaljudgesforlessseriouscrimessuchasdrunkdrivingandtheft.Theybelieveshameisthebestpettycrimedeterrent威慑.ForexampleinTennesseeJudgeJamesMcKenziehasmadeshoplifters商店货物扒手standoutsideWal-MartwithsignsthatreadIamathiefputherebyorderofJudgeMcKenzieAlternativepunishmentslikecommunityserviceandfinesdon’tconveymoralcondemnation谴责ofthecriminal.saidDanKahanaUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolprofessorinanarticlepublishedontheuniversity’swebsite.Theyaren’tshamefulenough.ShamingpunishmentsaresometimescalledScarlet红色的Letterpunishments.ThenamecomesfromUSauthorNathanielHawthorne’s1850novelTheScarletLetter.InthisnovelawomanisforcedtowearascarletAonherclothesaspunishmentforheradultery通奸.HoweverUniversityofIowalawprofessorAndrewHosmaneksaidthereisanimportantdifferencebetweentheshamingpunishmentsofcolonialAmericaandthoseassignedinstateslikeTennessee.Earlysocietiesoftenhadareacceptanceceremonytowelcometheoffenderbackintomainsociety.saysHosmanek.ContemporarypunishmentsinAmericalackthis.Supportersofshamingpunishmentarguethatpublicshamingisagoodwayofexpressingcommunityvalues.Somejudgessayshamedoffendersseldomrepeattheircrimes.Othersaren’tsosure.Thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatshamingpunishmentsaresuccessfulinpreventingpeoplefromcommittingspecificcrimes.Andashamedcriminalmayfaceahardbattletoregaincredibilityinsociety.saidHosmanek.Soashamingpunishmentmayforcetheoffenderintomorecrimestosupporthimself.Expertsalsodebateshamingpunishment’sdamagetohumandignity.Sincethepointistoshameit’sofcoursedegrading侮辱人格的.saidLindaMalonedirectoroftheHumanRightsandNationalSecurityLawProgrammeatWilliamandMaryLawSchool.USlawonlyprohibitspunishmentthatis’cruelandunusual’-not’inhumananddegrading’.It’sverydifficultforathieftoprovethatholdingasigninfrontofWal-Martis’cruelandunusual’./WhichofthefollowingpunishmentsdoesNOTmorallycondemnacriminal
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