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She was French; he was English; they had just moved to London from Paris. When he found out about...
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HeisnotgoodatEnglishandneither___goodatFrench.
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TheearliestevidenceofstandardizedtestingbasedonmeritcomesfromChinaduringtheHandynasty.TheconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasanoutgrowthofConfucianphilosophy.StandardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeenapartofEuropeanpedagogy.Basedontheskepticalandopen-endedtraditionofdebateinheritedfromAncientGreeceWesternacademiafavoredtheessay.TheuseofstandardizedtestingintheUnitedStatesisa20thcenturyphenomenonwithitsoriginsinWorldWarI. Oneofthemainadvantagesofstandardizedtestingisthattheresultscanbeempiricallydocumented;thereforethetestscorescanbeshowntohavearelativedegreeofvalidityandreliabilityaswellasresultswhicharegeneralizableandreplicable.Thisisoftencontrastedwithgradesonaschooltranscriptwhichareassignedbyindividualteachers.Anotheradvantageisaggregation.Awelldesignedstandardizedtestprovidesanassessmentofanindividual’smasteryofadomainofknowledgeorskillwhichatsomelevelofaggregationwillprovideusefulinformation. Thoughmanyeducatorsrecognizethatstandardizedtestshaveaplaceintoolsusedtoassessstudentachievementcriticsfeelthatoveruseandmisuseofthesetestsishavingseriousnegativeconsequencesonteachingandlearning.Thetemptationistousetheteststodefinecurriculumandfocusinstruction.Whatisnottestedisnottaughtandhowthesubjectistestedbecomesamodelforhowtoteachthesubject.Moreoverstandardizedtestscoresareproblematictoolsforschoolaccountabilitybecausetheexamineescoresareinfluencedbythreethings:whatkidslearninschoolwhatkidslearnoutsideofschoolandinnateintelligence.Criticsbelievethisisnotpossible.Whileitispossibletouseastandardizedtestandnotletitslimitscontrolcurriculumandinstructionthiscanresultinaschoolputtingitselfatriskforproducinglowertestscoreswithnegativepoliticalconsequences. Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendonotdowellonstandardizedtestsdespitemasteryofthematerialduetotestinganxietyorlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills.Thisreflectsthefactthattestscannotdirectlymeasurestudentknowledgeonlytheabilityofstudentstoapplyknowledgeinastressfulsituation. Someparentsarewillingtopaythousandsofdollarstopreparetheirchildrenfortestsafinancialbarrierthatmaygivechildrenofmorewealthyparentsanadvantagecomparedtolessaffluentfamilies.Howeverthiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoretotestingalternativessuchasportfoliosoressays.Manystudiesalsoshowthattestcoachinghaslittleeffectonscoresonwell-buihtests.Theabilityofwealthyfamiliestopayforhigher-qualityeducationisnotspecificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting. Thestandardizedtestingisadvantageousmainlybecauseitis
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 9
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 17
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 3
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 41
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 1
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast. Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalled"flavors".AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass. Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass. Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist. ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter. Howshouldweunderstandtheprocessofoscillation
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2. 冬季的体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼一定要注意自我保健否则会适得其反冻坏身体冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰滑喾晨练冬泳等下面结合冬季气候作介绍 首先是着装问题服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡在冷天中多穿衣服衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气使传导散热过程减弱但在运动时机体的产热大大增加如果穿得过多反而有害应穿轻便的衣服这样在运动中产热增加时可以方便地脱掉近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进这样可以保证良好的隔热性同时又保证了活动的自由性 在寒冷环境下运动时机体能量代谢增强产热增加此时机体血管扩展大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力因此在运动间隙要特别注意保暖及时加衣寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大代谢水平高使身体内的能源物质消耗增多在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与如维生素B1B2B3烟酸维生素C等需求增加 因此对于从事滑冰滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食应注意增加较多的热量一般来说从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右据测算一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量在三大物质中因脂肪具有产热多的特点且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例一般可占全部热量的25%～30%而蛋白质也应偏高占12%～18%其余由糖来供给体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算蛋白质约需130克脂肪150克糖约480克相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右鸡肉100克瘦猪肉200克鸡蛋两个牛奶两杯植物油50克等 冰雪项目锻炼中膳食中的维生素也应相当增加维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力据文献称摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应增加机体耐寒能力 冬泳是我国北方的一大特色冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动必须掌握科学的方法反之就会影响身体健康甚至诱发疾病一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充冬泳前不要喝酒对于心肝肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病溃疡关节炎患者以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳 冬季有晨练习惯的人遇大雾天最好在室内进行晨练一是雾天能见度低容易发生交通事故二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物吸人人体易引起气管炎喉炎结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病另外冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘对于严重的疾病患者冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度以防旧病复发注意循序渐进掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则在天气过于寒冷时最好不要外出锻炼
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 7
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhatcanyoutellfromButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 5
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhatisRuthHandler’smotivationofcreatingBarbie
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast. Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalled"flavors".AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass. Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass. Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist. ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter. WhatdoesthewordpervadesLine1Para.1mean
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 15
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 43
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 17
"Europeneedstoimporttoexport."ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours. ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets. Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth. ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem. MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome. ThereasonswhytheauthorsaystheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfrontincludethefollowingsexcept
"Europeneedstoimporttoexport."ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours. ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets. Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth. ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem. MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome. ThewordpityLine3Paragragh5refersto
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast. Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalled"flavors".AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass. Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass. Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist. ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutaxion
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 11
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 19
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 19
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 45
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 13
TheearliestevidenceofstandardizedtestingbasedonmeritcomesfromChinaduringtheHandynasty.TheconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasanoutgrowthofConfucianphilosophy.StandardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeenapartofEuropeanpedagogy.Basedontheskepticalandopen-endedtraditionofdebateinheritedfromAncientGreeceWesternacademiafavoredtheessay.TheuseofstandardizedtestingintheUnitedStatesisa20thcenturyphenomenonwithitsoriginsinWorldWarI. Oneofthemainadvantagesofstandardizedtestingisthattheresultscanbeempiricallydocumented;thereforethetestscorescanbeshowntohavearelativedegreeofvalidityandreliabilityaswellasresultswhicharegeneralizableandreplicable.Thisisoftencontrastedwithgradesonaschooltranscriptwhichareassignedbyindividualteachers.Anotheradvantageisaggregation.Awelldesignedstandardizedtestprovidesanassessmentofanindividual’smasteryofadomainofknowledgeorskillwhichatsomelevelofaggregationwillprovideusefulinformation. Thoughmanyeducatorsrecognizethatstandardizedtestshaveaplaceintoolsusedtoassessstudentachievementcriticsfeelthatoveruseandmisuseofthesetestsishavingseriousnegativeconsequencesonteachingandlearning.Thetemptationistousetheteststodefinecurriculumandfocusinstruction.Whatisnottestedisnottaughtandhowthesubjectistestedbecomesamodelforhowtoteachthesubject.Moreoverstandardizedtestscoresareproblematictoolsforschoolaccountabilitybecausetheexamineescoresareinfluencedbythreethings:whatkidslearninschoolwhatkidslearnoutsideofschoolandinnateintelligence.Criticsbelievethisisnotpossible.Whileitispossibletouseastandardizedtestandnotletitslimitscontrolcurriculumandinstructionthiscanresultinaschoolputtingitselfatriskforproducinglowertestscoreswithnegativepoliticalconsequences. Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendonotdowellonstandardizedtestsdespitemasteryofthematerialduetotestinganxietyorlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills.Thisreflectsthefactthattestscannotdirectlymeasurestudentknowledgeonlytheabilityofstudentstoapplyknowledgeinastressfulsituation. Someparentsarewillingtopaythousandsofdollarstopreparetheirchildrenfortestsafinancialbarrierthatmaygivechildrenofmorewealthyparentsanadvantagecomparedtolessaffluentfamilies.Howeverthiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoretotestingalternativessuchasportfoliosoressays.Manystudiesalsoshowthattestcoachinghaslittleeffectonscoresonwell-buihtests.Theabilityofwealthyfamiliestopayforhigher-qualityeducationisnotspecificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting. WhichoneofthefollowingfactorsinfluencingtestscoresisNOTcriticizedbysomecritics
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheeasyconclusionmentionedinthelastsentenceisbasedontheassumptionthat
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery--blacksmithsmasonscarpenters--whichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries--tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Thematerialinthetextwouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheirlanguageofthemind.
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