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Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion o...
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InthelasttenyearstheInternethasopenedupincredibleamountsofinformationtoordinarycitizens.ButusingtheInternetcanhelikewalkingintoalibrarywherethebooksarealllyingonthefloorinpiles.WhiletoolslikeGoogleallowsomestructuredsearchmuchofthedatafromsuchsearchesisoutdatedorofquestionablevalue.SomewebenthusiastshavetakenupthetaskoforganizinginformationthroughademocraticmeansthatonlytheInternetallows:anencyclopediaofthepeoplebythepeopleandcompletelyfreetocopyanddistribute. This‘people’sencyclopedia’oftheWeb—afreesitecalledWikipedia—hasprovidedauniquesolutionbyinvitingindividualstoparticipateintheprocessofrationalizingandupdatingwebcontent.Attheheartofthismovementarewikiswebsitesthatallowuserstodirectlyeditanywebpagewithoneclickofthemouse. Wikipedia—thelargestexampleofthesecollaborativeefforts—isafunctioninguser-contributedonlineencyclopediathathasbecomeapopularandhighlyregardedreferenceinjustthreeyearsofexistence.ThegoalofWikipediawastocreateanencyclopediathatcouldhesharedandcopiedfreelywhileencouragingpeopletochangeandimprovethecontent.Eachandeveryarticlehasan“Editthispage”buttonallowinganyoneevenanonymouspassersbytoaddordeleteanycontentonthepage.Itseemslikearecipefordisasterandchaosbutithasproducedsurprisinglycrediblecontentthathasbeenevaluatedandrevisedbythethousandsofinternationalvisitorstothesite.FormanyitfinallyrealizestheoriginalconceptofWorldWideWebcreatorTimBerners-Lee—anonlineenvironmentwherepeoplenotonlybrowsecontentbutfreelyandactivelyexchangeinformation. TheWikipediaprojectwasstartedbyJimmyWalesheadofInternetstartupBomis.comafterhisoriginalprojectforavolunteerhutstrictlycontrolledfreeencyclopediaranoutofmoneyandresourcesaftertwoyears.EditorswithPhDdegreeswereatthehelmoftheprojectthenbutitproducedonlyafewhundredarticles.NotwantingthecontenttolanguishWalesplacedthepagesonawikiwebsiteinJanuary2001andinvitedanyInternetvisitorstoeditoraddtothecollection. Thesitebecamearunawaysuccessinthefirstyearandgainedaloyalfollowinggeneratingover20000articlesandspawningoveradozenlanguagetranslations.Aftertwoyearsithad100000articlesandinApril2004itexceeded250000articlesinEnglishand600000articlesin50otherlanguages.Over2000newarticlesareaddedeachdayacrossallthevariouslanguages.AndaccordingtowebsiterankingsatAlexa.comithasbecomemorepopularthantraditionalonlineencyclopediassuchasBritannica.comandisoneofthetop600mostheavilyvisitedwebsitesontheinternet. AccordingtothetextJimmyWalesinitiatedWikipediaprojectinorderto
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’spopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
With22yearsonthejobJackieBraceycouldbeconsideredacareeremployeeoftheInternalRevenueService.Butshedefiesanystereotypeofanover-eageragentrunningdownareluctanttaxpayer.Insteadshespendshertimedefendingpeoplewhoowethegovernmentmoney.Ms.BraceybasedinGreensboroN.C.isataxpayeradvocateacreatedbyCongressin1998aspartofthekindergentlerthemeadoptedbythetaxcollectionagency.Braceyandadvocatesat73Otherofficesnationwidebackedby2100fieldworkersandstaffgotobatfortaxpayerswhoareinfinancialstraitsbecauseofsomethingtheagencyhasdoneorisabouttodo. ThoughitmayseemcontrarytotheIRStheadvocateservicenotonlyhelpstaxpayersbutidentifiesproceduralproblems.ThemaingoalthoughisfortheombudsmantostepintoadisputeataxpayerishavingwiththeIRSwhenitappearsthatsomethingtheIRSisdoingorplanningwouldcreateanunduehardshiponthetaxpayer.ThiscanrangefromspeedingupresolutionofadisputethathasdraggedontoolongtodemandingthattheIRShaltacollectionactionthatthetaxpayercanshowheorshe“issufferingorisabouttosufferasignificanthardship.” Taxpayerombudsmenhavebeenaroundinoneformoranothersince1979saysNinaOlsonthenationaltaxpayeradvocate.Buttheyweregivenmuchmorepowerin1998whenCongressdecidedthattheworkerswouldnolongerreporttoregionaldirectorsbuttoheroffice.Whilethisgavethemagreatdealmoreauthorityoutsidewatchdogssaymorecanbedone.“Thereisalongwaytogotogetanagencythatfeelsindependentandemboldenedtoworkfortaxpayers”saysJoeSeepavicepresidentoftheWashington-basedtax-advocacygroup. ThetaxpayersunionalsohascomplainedthatCongressandtheBushadministrationdon’tseemtobetakingtheadvocatesseriouslyenough.EachyeartheIRSgroupreportstoCongressonthetopproblemsthatadvocatessee.ManyofthesearesystemicproblemsthatcangumuptheworksforbothtaxpayerandcollectorsuchasaDecembernoticefromMs.OlsonthattheIRSshouldhavejustonedefinitionofadependentchildratherthanthethreedefinitionscurrentlyused.Whiletaxpayeradvocatescanhelpsmooththingsoutinmanycasestheycannotignorelaws. Iftaxpayershaven’tmadelegitimateclaimsforcreditsthere’snothingtheadvocatecandotoreversethatcourse.AndOlsonsaysthatwhiletaxpayersarefreetouseherservicetheyshouldkeepinmindthatitdoesnotreplacethenormalappealsprocessandshouldbethelastplaceacitizencallsuponforhelpnotthefirst.“We’rereallytherefor.whentheprocessesfalldown”shesays.Everystatehasatleastonetaxpayer-advocateserviceoffice. WhenOlsonsayWe’rereallythereforwhentheprocessesfalldownLine4Para.5shemeansthat
Text2CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistimeTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 42
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork“FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.” HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays“Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.” Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcratesbrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. WhichofthefollowingisamajorthemeofNevelson’art
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 44
InthelasttenyearstheInternethasopenedupincredibleamountsofinformationtoordinarycitizens.ButusingtheInternetcanhelikewalkingintoalibrarywherethebooksarealllyingonthefloorinpiles.WhiletoolslikeGoogleallowsomestructuredsearchmuchofthedatafromsuchsearchesisoutdatedorofquestionablevalue.SomewebenthusiastshavetakenupthetaskoforganizinginformationthroughademocraticmeansthatonlytheInternetallows:anencyclopediaofthepeoplebythepeopleandcompletelyfreetocopyanddistribute. This‘people’sencyclopedia’oftheWeb—afreesitecalledWikipedia—hasprovidedauniquesolutionbyinvitingindividualstoparticipateintheprocessofrationalizingandupdatingwebcontent.Attheheartofthismovementarewikiswebsitesthatallowuserstodirectlyeditanywebpagewithoneclickofthemouse. Wikipedia—thelargestexampleofthesecollaborativeefforts—isafunctioninguser-contributedonlineencyclopediathathasbecomeapopularandhighlyregardedreferenceinjustthreeyearsofexistence.ThegoalofWikipediawastocreateanencyclopediathatcouldhesharedandcopiedfreelywhileencouragingpeopletochangeandimprovethecontent.Eachandeveryarticlehasan“Editthispage”buttonallowinganyoneevenanonymouspassersbytoaddordeleteanycontentonthepage.Itseemslikearecipefordisasterandchaosbutithasproducedsurprisinglycrediblecontentthathasbeenevaluatedandrevisedbythethousandsofinternationalvisitorstothesite.FormanyitfinallyrealizestheoriginalconceptofWorldWideWebcreatorTimBerners-Lee—anonlineenvironmentwherepeoplenotonlybrowsecontentbutfreelyandactivelyexchangeinformation. TheWikipediaprojectwasstartedbyJimmyWalesheadofInternetstartupBomis.comafterhisoriginalprojectforavolunteerhutstrictlycontrolledfreeencyclopediaranoutofmoneyandresourcesaftertwoyears.EditorswithPhDdegreeswereatthehelmoftheprojectthenbutitproducedonlyafewhundredarticles.NotwantingthecontenttolanguishWalesplacedthepagesonawikiwebsiteinJanuary2001andinvitedanyInternetvisitorstoeditoraddtothecollection. Thesitebecamearunawaysuccessinthefirstyearandgainedaloyalfollowinggeneratingover20000articlesandspawningoveradozenlanguagetranslations.Aftertwoyearsithad100000articlesandinApril2004itexceeded250000articlesinEnglishand600000articlesin50otherlanguages.Over2000newarticlesareaddedeachdayacrossallthevariouslanguages.AndaccordingtowebsiterankingsatAlexa.comithasbecomemorepopularthantraditionalonlineencyclopediassuchasBritannica.comandisoneofthetop600mostheavilyvisitedwebsitesontheinternet. What’sthegoalofWikipediaaccordingtothepassage
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation.Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries.Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework.Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood.Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Allofusmustbeeducatedtounderstandorrealizethat
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation.Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries.Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework.Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood.Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Ourpurposeofeducatingchildrenisto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.
ManypeopleconsiderthewideruseofbiofuelsapromisingwayofreducingtheamountofsurpluscarbondioxideCO2beingpumpedintotheairbytheworld’smechanizedtransport.ThetheoryisthatplantssuchassugarcanemaizecorntoAmericansoilseedrapeandwheattakeupCO2duringtheirgrowthsoburningfuelsmadefromthemshouldhavenoneteffectontheamountofthatgasintheatmosphere. Theorythoughdoesnotalwaystranslateintopracticeandjustasgovernmentshavecommittedthemselvestothegreateruseofbiofuelsquestionsarebeingraisedabouthowgreenthisformofenergyreallyis.ThelatestcomesfromtheInternationalCouncilforScienceICSUbasedinParis. TheICSUreportconcludesthatsofartheproductionofbiofuelshasaggravatedratherthanamelioratedglobalwarming.Inparticularitsupportssomecontroversialfindingspublishedin2007byPaulCrutzenoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemistryinGermany.Dr.CrutzenconcludedthatmostanalyseshadunderestimatedtheimportancetoglobalwarmingofagascallednitrousoxideN2O.TheamountofthisgasreleasedbyfarmingbiofuelcropssuchasmaizeandrapeprobablynegatesbyitselfanyadvantageofferedbyreducedemissionsofCO2. AlthoughN2OisnotcommonintheEarth’satmosphereitisamorepotentgreenhousegasthanCO2andithangsaroundlonger.Theresultisthatoverthecourseofacenturyitsabilitytowarmtheplanetisalmost300timesthatofanequivalentmassofCO2. N2Oismadebybacteriathatliveinsoilandwaterandthesedaystheirrawmaterialisoftenthenitrogen-richfertiliserthatmodernfarmingrequires.Sincethe1960stheamountoffertiliserusedbyfarmershasincreasedsixfoldandnotallofthatextranitrogenendsupintheircrops.Maizeinparticularisdescribedbyexpertsinthefieldasa“nitrogen-leaky”plantbecauseithasshallowrootsandtakesupnitrogenforonlyafewmonthsoftheyear.ThiswouldmakemaizewhichisoneofthemainsourcesofbiofuelaparticularlybadcontributortoglobalN2Oemissions. Butitisnotjustbiofuelsthataretoblame.TheICSUreportsuggestsN2Oemissionsingeneralareprobablymoreimportantthanhadbeenrealised.PreviousstudiesincludingthosebytheInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCaUnitedNations-appointedbodyofexpertsmayhavemiscalculatedtheirsignificance—andaccordingtoAdrianWilliamsofCranfieldUniversityinBritaineventheIPCC’sapproachsuggeststhattheglobal-warmingpotentialofmostofBritain’sannualcropsisdominatedbyN2Oemissions. WhatdoesthewordpotentLine1Para.4probablymean
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.
With22yearsonthejobJackieBraceycouldbeconsideredacareeremployeeoftheInternalRevenueService.Butshedefiesanystereotypeofanover-eageragentrunningdownareluctanttaxpayer.Insteadshespendshertimedefendingpeoplewhoowethegovernmentmoney.Ms.BraceybasedinGreensboroN.C.isataxpayeradvocateacreatedbyCongressin1998aspartofthekindergentlerthemeadoptedbythetaxcollectionagency.Braceyandadvocatesat73Otherofficesnationwidebackedby2100fieldworkersandstaffgotobatfortaxpayerswhoareinfinancialstraitsbecauseofsomethingtheagencyhasdoneorisabouttodo. ThoughitmayseemcontrarytotheIRStheadvocateservicenotonlyhelpstaxpayersbutidentifiesproceduralproblems.ThemaingoalthoughisfortheombudsmantostepintoadisputeataxpayerishavingwiththeIRSwhenitappearsthatsomethingtheIRSisdoingorplanningwouldcreateanunduehardshiponthetaxpayer.ThiscanrangefromspeedingupresolutionofadisputethathasdraggedontoolongtodemandingthattheIRShaltacollectionactionthatthetaxpayercanshowheorshe“issufferingorisabouttosufferasignificanthardship.” Taxpayerombudsmenhavebeenaroundinoneformoranothersince1979saysNinaOlsonthenationaltaxpayeradvocate.Buttheyweregivenmuchmorepowerin1998whenCongressdecidedthattheworkerswouldnolongerreporttoregionaldirectorsbuttoheroffice.Whilethisgavethemagreatdealmoreauthorityoutsidewatchdogssaymorecanbedone.“Thereisalongwaytogotogetanagencythatfeelsindependentandemboldenedtoworkfortaxpayers”saysJoeSeepavicepresidentoftheWashington-basedtax-advocacygroup. ThetaxpayersunionalsohascomplainedthatCongressandtheBushadministrationdon’tseemtobetakingtheadvocatesseriouslyenough.EachyeartheIRSgroupreportstoCongressonthetopproblemsthatadvocatessee.ManyofthesearesystemicproblemsthatcangumuptheworksforbothtaxpayerandcollectorsuchasaDecembernoticefromMs.OlsonthattheIRSshouldhavejustonedefinitionofadependentchildratherthanthethreedefinitionscurrentlyused.Whiletaxpayeradvocatescanhelpsmooththingsoutinmanycasestheycannotignorelaws. Iftaxpayershaven’tmadelegitimateclaimsforcreditsthere’snothingtheadvocatecandotoreversethatcourse.AndOlsonsaysthatwhiletaxpayersarefreetouseherservicetheyshouldkeepinmindthatitdoesnotreplacethenormalappealsprocessandshouldbethelastplaceacitizencallsuponforhelpnotthefirst.“We’rereallytherefor.whentheprocessesfalldown”shesays.Everystatehasatleastonetaxpayer-advocateserviceoffice. AccordingtoParagraph3whichofthefollowingiscorrect
ManypeopleconsiderthewideruseofbiofuelsapromisingwayofreducingtheamountofsurpluscarbondioxideCO2beingpumpedintotheairbytheworld’smechanizedtransport.ThetheoryisthatplantssuchassugarcanemaizecorntoAmericansoilseedrapeandwheattakeupCO2duringtheirgrowthsoburningfuelsmadefromthemshouldhavenoneteffectontheamountofthatgasintheatmosphere. Theorythoughdoesnotalwaystranslateintopracticeandjustasgovernmentshavecommittedthemselvestothegreateruseofbiofuelsquestionsarebeingraisedabouthowgreenthisformofenergyreallyis.ThelatestcomesfromtheInternationalCouncilforScienceICSUbasedinParis. TheICSUreportconcludesthatsofartheproductionofbiofuelshasaggravatedratherthanamelioratedglobalwarming.Inparticularitsupportssomecontroversialfindingspublishedin2007byPaulCrutzenoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemistryinGermany.Dr.CrutzenconcludedthatmostanalyseshadunderestimatedtheimportancetoglobalwarmingofagascallednitrousoxideN2O.TheamountofthisgasreleasedbyfarmingbiofuelcropssuchasmaizeandrapeprobablynegatesbyitselfanyadvantageofferedbyreducedemissionsofCO2. AlthoughN2OisnotcommonintheEarth’satmosphereitisamorepotentgreenhousegasthanCO2andithangsaroundlonger.Theresultisthatoverthecourseofacenturyitsabilitytowarmtheplanetisalmost300timesthatofanequivalentmassofCO2. N2Oismadebybacteriathatliveinsoilandwaterandthesedaystheirrawmaterialisoftenthenitrogen-richfertiliserthatmodernfarmingrequires.Sincethe1960stheamountoffertiliserusedbyfarmershasincreasedsixfoldandnotallofthatextranitrogenendsupintheircrops.Maizeinparticularisdescribedbyexpertsinthefieldasa“nitrogen-leaky”plantbecauseithasshallowrootsandtakesupnitrogenforonlyafewmonthsoftheyear.ThiswouldmakemaizewhichisoneofthemainsourcesofbiofuelaparticularlybadcontributortoglobalN2Oemissions. Butitisnotjustbiofuelsthataretoblame.TheICSUreportsuggestsN2Oemissionsingeneralareprobablymoreimportantthanhadbeenrealised.PreviousstudiesincludingthosebytheInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCaUnitedNations-appointedbodyofexpertsmayhavemiscalculatedtheirsignificance—andaccordingtoAdrianWilliamsofCranfieldUniversityinBritaineventheIPCC’sapproachsuggeststhattheglobal-warmingpotentialofmostofBritain’sannualcropsisdominatedbyN2Oemissions. Biofuelsareappreciatedbygovernmentsbecause
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ManypeopleconsiderthewideruseofbiofuelsapromisingwayofreducingtheamountofsurpluscarbondioxideCO2beingpumpedintotheairbytheworld’smechanizedtransport.ThetheoryisthatplantssuchassugarcanemaizecorntoAmericansoilseedrapeandwheattakeupCO2duringtheirgrowthsoburningfuelsmadefromthemshouldhavenoneteffectontheamountofthatgasintheatmosphere. Theorythoughdoesnotalwaystranslateintopracticeandjustasgovernmentshavecommittedthemselvestothegreateruseofbiofuelsquestionsarebeingraisedabouthowgreenthisformofenergyreallyis.ThelatestcomesfromtheInternationalCouncilforScienceICSUbasedinParis. TheICSUreportconcludesthatsofartheproductionofbiofuelshasaggravatedratherthanamelioratedglobalwarming.Inparticularitsupportssomecontroversialfindingspublishedin2007byPaulCrutzenoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemistryinGermany.Dr.CrutzenconcludedthatmostanalyseshadunderestimatedtheimportancetoglobalwarmingofagascallednitrousoxideN2O.TheamountofthisgasreleasedbyfarmingbiofuelcropssuchasmaizeandrapeprobablynegatesbyitselfanyadvantageofferedbyreducedemissionsofCO2. AlthoughN2OisnotcommonintheEarth’satmosphereitisamorepotentgreenhousegasthanCO2andithangsaroundlonger.Theresultisthatoverthecourseofacenturyitsabilitytowarmtheplanetisalmost300timesthatofanequivalentmassofCO2. N2Oismadebybacteriathatliveinsoilandwaterandthesedaystheirrawmaterialisoftenthenitrogen-richfertiliserthatmodernfarmingrequires.Sincethe1960stheamountoffertiliserusedbyfarmershasincreasedsixfoldandnotallofthatextranitrogenendsupintheircrops.Maizeinparticularisdescribedbyexpertsinthefieldasa“nitrogen-leaky”plantbecauseithasshallowrootsandtakesupnitrogenforonlyafewmonthsoftheyear.ThiswouldmakemaizewhichisoneofthemainsourcesofbiofuelaparticularlybadcontributortoglobalN2Oemissions. Butitisnotjustbiofuelsthataretoblame.TheICSUreportsuggestsN2Oemissionsingeneralareprobablymoreimportantthanhadbeenrealised.PreviousstudiesincludingthosebytheInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCaUnitedNations-appointedbodyofexpertsmayhavemiscalculatedtheirsignificance—andaccordingtoAdrianWilliamsofCranfieldUniversityinBritaineventheIPCC’sapproachsuggeststhattheglobal-warmingpotentialofmostofBritain’sannualcropsisdominatedbyN2Oemissions. Whoistoblamebesidesbiofuels
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork“FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.” HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays“Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.” Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcratesbrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. TheauthorquotesHiltonKramerinthesecondparagraphmostprobablytoillustrate
With22yearsonthejobJackieBraceycouldbeconsideredacareeremployeeoftheInternalRevenueService.Butshedefiesanystereotypeofanover-eageragentrunningdownareluctanttaxpayer.Insteadshespendshertimedefendingpeoplewhoowethegovernmentmoney.Ms.BraceybasedinGreensboroN.C.isataxpayeradvocateacreatedbyCongressin1998aspartofthekindergentlerthemeadoptedbythetaxcollectionagency.Braceyandadvocatesat73Otherofficesnationwidebackedby2100fieldworkersandstaffgotobatfortaxpayerswhoareinfinancialstraitsbecauseofsomethingtheagencyhasdoneorisabouttodo. ThoughitmayseemcontrarytotheIRStheadvocateservicenotonlyhelpstaxpayersbutidentifiesproceduralproblems.ThemaingoalthoughisfortheombudsmantostepintoadisputeataxpayerishavingwiththeIRSwhenitappearsthatsomethingtheIRSisdoingorplanningwouldcreateanunduehardshiponthetaxpayer.ThiscanrangefromspeedingupresolutionofadisputethathasdraggedontoolongtodemandingthattheIRShaltacollectionactionthatthetaxpayercanshowheorshe“issufferingorisabouttosufferasignificanthardship.” Taxpayerombudsmenhavebeenaroundinoneformoranothersince1979saysNinaOlsonthenationaltaxpayeradvocate.Buttheyweregivenmuchmorepowerin1998whenCongressdecidedthattheworkerswouldnolongerreporttoregionaldirectorsbuttoheroffice.Whilethisgavethemagreatdealmoreauthorityoutsidewatchdogssaymorecanbedone.“Thereisalongwaytogotogetanagencythatfeelsindependentandemboldenedtoworkfortaxpayers”saysJoeSeepavicepresidentoftheWashington-basedtax-advocacygroup. ThetaxpayersunionalsohascomplainedthatCongressandtheBushadministrationdon’tseemtobetakingtheadvocatesseriouslyenough.EachyeartheIRSgroupreportstoCongressonthetopproblemsthatadvocatessee.ManyofthesearesystemicproblemsthatcangumuptheworksforbothtaxpayerandcollectorsuchasaDecembernoticefromMs.OlsonthattheIRSshouldhavejustonedefinitionofadependentchildratherthanthethreedefinitionscurrentlyused.Whiletaxpayeradvocatescanhelpsmooththingsoutinmanycasestheycannotignorelaws. Iftaxpayershaven’tmadelegitimateclaimsforcreditsthere’snothingtheadvocatecandotoreversethatcourse.AndOlsonsaysthatwhiletaxpayersarefreetouseherservicetheyshouldkeepinmindthatitdoesnotreplacethenormalappealsprocessandshouldbethelastplaceacitizencallsuponforhelpnotthefirst.“We’rereallytherefor.whentheprocessesfalldown”shesays.Everystatehasatleastonetaxpayer-advocateserviceoffice. Accordingtothetextthemaintaskoftaxadvocatesis
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsCigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20" Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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