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1895年发现X射线，拉开物理学革命序幕的科学家是( )。
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古希腊哲学家德谟克利特提出论到了19世纪初英国物理学家和化学家提出近代原子论为近代化学发展奠定了基础
1895年发现X线的物理学家的国籍是
德国
英国
美国
法国
中国
1901年德国科学家发现X射线成为第一届诺贝尔物理学奖的获得者
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伦琴
魏格纳
牛顿
了解物理规律的发现过程学会科学家那样观察和思考往往比掌握知识本身更重要以下符合事实的是
丹麦物理学家奥斯特梦圆电生磁，终于发现了电磁感应现象；
法拉第发现了电流的磁效应，拉开了研究电与磁相互关系的序幕；
英国物理学家麦克斯韦认为，磁场变化时会在空间激发一种电场；
安培定则是用来判断通电导线在磁场中所受安培力方向的。
下列科技常识说法错误的是
11世纪，阿拉伯人海赛木发明了透镜
1895年，德国物理学家伦琴首先发现了X射线
1864年，英国物理学家麦克斯韦提出了电磁波理论
1957年，苏联发射火星探测器“火星探路者号”
1895年发现X射线的物理学家的国籍是
德国
英国
美国
法国
中国
1895年发现X射线拉开物理学革命序幕的科学家是1897年发现阴极射线是带负电的电子流并将阴极射线的
贝克勒，居里夫人
汤姆逊，贝克勒
伦琴，汤姆逊
居里夫人，伦琴
发现并命名了X射线获得世界上第一个诺贝尔物理学奖的科学家是
汤姆孙
贝克勒尔
伦琴
查德威克
德国物理学家伦琴发现X射线是在
1894年
1895年
1896年
1897年
1898年
在物理学史上一位丹麦科学家首先发现电流周围存在磁场随后物理学家提出磁生电的闪光思想很多科学家为证实这
安培
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韦伯
2013·荆门每一次物理学的重大发现都会影响人类社会的进步和发展发现了万有引力定律才有了今天的通讯卫
1895年德国物理学家发现X射线伦琴射线并为他夫人的手拍下
德国物理学家伦琴发现X射线的时间是
1895年11月8日
1895年12月8日
1896年11月8日
1898年8月11日
1901年11月8日
X射线是1895年德国科学家发现的
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丹麦物理学家奥斯特
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美国科学家富兰克林
法国物理学家库仑
德国物理学家伦琴发现X射线是在
1894年
1895年
1896年
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1895年德国物理学家在研究阴极射线的性质时发现阴极射线高速电子流射到玻璃壁上管壁会发出一种看不见的
科学家的每次重大发现都有力推进了人类文明的进程我国宋代学者在梦溪笔谈中首次提出了磁偏角的概念1897
每一次物理学的重大发现都会影响人类社会的进步和发展_____发现了万有引力定律才有了今天的通讯卫星1
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Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthe studyingandworkingfollowedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexample fromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextra examplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s. Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedup withthelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudents theissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.With everincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents. Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakepart timejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimental impactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustabout gettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealso important.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalso ensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelop astudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaof whenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyouto studywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyou determinewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.Chooseajob thatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduring examsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwhere theemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleis important.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStaines ofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyou havebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunity toproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff. 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthe morningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudy lateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’s toodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependon yourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesin officeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeinga presentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarial work.44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopy clerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.Knowyour limitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhours thatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethis willvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays: AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduring termtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.Wehaveajob shopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12 hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallenge thatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhich involveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhavea negativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree addsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostart withworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuch youcancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincrease ratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessor ofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunityto studyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagood ideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalance studyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmay betoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreen mostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework 20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincredibly disciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying. Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant. [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudents mayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.Althoughworkis importanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimal timesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessor Cooper.
Text4 Formillionsofyearsbeforethe appearanceoftheelectriclightshiftworkallnightcableTVandthe InternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanetwithpredictableandreassuring 24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksaresetforthisdailycycle.Simplyput ourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawakeduringtheday.Mostwomenand menneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhoursofsleepanighttofunction properlythroughouttheirlives.Contrarytopopularbeliefhumansdon’tneed lesssleepastheyage.ButonaverageAmericanssleeponly aboutsevenandahalfhourspernightamarkeddropfromtheninehoursthey averagedin1910.What’sworsenearlyonethirdofallAmericansgetlessthan sixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight.Formostpeoplethat’snotnearly enough.FindingwaystogetmoreandbetterSleepcanbea challenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan80differentsleepdisorders. Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmanyproblemsarecausedbystayingup lateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequentlybetweentimezonesorbyworking nights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewishMedicalandResearchCenterin Denversaysthatsleepdisordersareoftendiagnosedasotherdiscomforts.About onethirdofthepatientsreferredtohimwithpossiblechronicfatiguesyndrome actuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders.Beforewedoanythingelsewelookat theirsleepJonessays.Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeople wouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheirsleeppatterns.Mymottois’Sleep defensively’saysMaryCarskadonofBrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedto carveoutsufficienttimetosleepevenifitmeansgivingupotherthings. Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedandgettingupatthesametimeeveryday—are important.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalsomakeadifference.AswithElanerwho usedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafewlifestylechanges—avoidingstimulants andlatemealsexercisinghoursbeforebedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yield bettersleep.Accordingtotheauthormanysleepingdisordersarecausedby______.
Text4 Formillionsofyearsbeforethe appearanceoftheelectriclightshiftworkallnightcableTVandthe InternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanetwithpredictableandreassuring 24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksaresetforthisdailycycle.Simplyput ourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawakeduringtheday.Mostwomenand menneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhoursofsleepanighttofunction properlythroughouttheirlives.Contrarytopopularbeliefhumansdon’tneed lesssleepastheyage.ButonaverageAmericanssleeponly aboutsevenandahalfhourspernightamarkeddropfromtheninehoursthey averagedin1910.What’sworsenearlyonethirdofallAmericansgetlessthan sixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight.Formostpeoplethat’snotnearly enough.FindingwaystogetmoreandbetterSleepcanbea challenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan80differentsleepdisorders. Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmanyproblemsarecausedbystayingup lateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequentlybetweentimezonesorbyworking nights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewishMedicalandResearchCenterin Denversaysthatsleepdisordersareoftendiagnosedasotherdiscomforts.About onethirdofthepatientsreferredtohimwithpossiblechronicfatiguesyndrome actuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders.Beforewedoanythingelsewelookat theirsleepJonessays.Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeople wouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheirsleeppatterns.Mymottois’Sleep defensively’saysMaryCarskadonofBrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedto carveoutsufficienttimetosleepevenifitmeansgivingupotherthings. Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedandgettingupatthesametimeeveryday—are important.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalsomakeadifference.AswithElanerwho usedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafewlifestylechanges—avoidingstimulants andlatemealsexercisinghoursbeforebedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yield bettersleep.WhatisTRUEofhumansleep
Directions:Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeand mentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemind fromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson. Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducation actuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.Thatmayseemlikebad newssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandof neurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplained thefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissue lossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirstto providebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereserve hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshave developedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitive reservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissue tospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenand womenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthe subjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknown asthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscored intherangeindicatingnormal.Everyonehassomedegreeof brainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecade startinginadulthood.Thereishoweveraremarkablerange ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted. Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholor druguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighblood pressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevel helpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fit elderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49 Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthe cerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthe greaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealth factorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducation wasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfrom firstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11more cerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmight affectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchers speculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeper thanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueoftraditioninanewspaper.Writeanessayofabout200wordstothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreattradition.
Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithstatementsthat______.
Directions:Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeand mentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemind fromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson. Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducation actuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.Thatmayseemlikebad newssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandof neurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplained thefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissue lossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirstto providebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereserve hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshave developedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitive reservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissue tospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenand womenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthe subjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknown asthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscored intherangeindicatingnormal.Everyonehassomedegreeof brainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecade startinginadulthood.Thereishoweveraremarkablerange ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted. Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholor druguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighblood pressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevel helpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fit elderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49 Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthe cerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthe greaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealth factorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducation wasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfrom firstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11more cerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmight affectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchers speculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeper thanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Text2 IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationover theageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhave thedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutes tokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection.Thefirstof thesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhat wasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurders whichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthe reintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory whicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingthe actiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobber mightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwo argumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminals shouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommita crimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanother wordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneye andatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenalty arelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposing it:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecord yearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.There wasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywere correcttherateshouldhavefallen.Theotherreasonsto opposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceand belief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerightto takealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvises forgivenessnotrevenge.Thepassageismainlyabout______.
Anappropriatetitleforthepassagecouldbe_______.
Directions:Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeand mentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemind fromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages buttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson. Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducation actuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.Thatmayseemlikebad newssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandof neurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplained thefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissue lossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirstto providebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereserve hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshave developedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitive reservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissue tospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenand womenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthe subjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknown asthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscored intherangeindicatingnormal.Everyonehassomedegreeof brainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecade startinginadulthood.Thereishoweveraremarkablerange ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted. Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholor druguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighblood pressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevel helpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fit elderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49 Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthe cerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthe greaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealth factorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducation wasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfrom firstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11more cerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmight affectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchers speculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeper thanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Text3 Thereweretwowidelydivergent influencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshada motherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsstate andstatisticscomefromthesameLatinrootstatusandagentlemanlygambling fatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsin gamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspringstatisticsis representedbycountingmeasuringdescribingtabulatingorderingandthe takingofcensuses—allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromthe influenceofthefathercamemodeminferenticalstatisticswhichisbased squarelyontheoriesofprobability.Descriptivestatistics involvestabulatingdepictinganddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedata maybeeitherquantitativesuchasmeasuresofheightintelligenceorgrade level—variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedata mayrepresentqualitativevariablesuchassexcollegemajororpersonality type.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessof summarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptive statisticsistoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensible formthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata. Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganother classofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind. Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomake predictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexampleaschoolsuperintendent wishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocome toschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforfluorwhatever.Havinga littleknowledgeofstatisticsthesuperintendentwouldknowthatitis unnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionforthe entiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas 100children.Thusthepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictor estimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromknowledgeofthecharacteristics ofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthe studyingandworkingfollowedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexample fromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextra examplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s. Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedup withthelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudents theissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.With everincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents. Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakepart timejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimental impactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustabout gettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealso important.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalso ensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelop astudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaof whenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyouto studywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyou determinewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.Chooseajob thatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduring examsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwhere theemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleis important.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStaines ofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyou havebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunity toproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff. 42.Chooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypattern Workingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthe morningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudy lateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’s toodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependon yourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesin officeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeinga presentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarial work.44.Beindustriousinyoursearchforwork Theremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopy clerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.Knowyour limitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhours thatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethis willvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays: AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduring termtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.Wehaveajob shopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12 hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallenge thatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhich involveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhavea negativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegree addsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostart withworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuch youcancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincrease ratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessor ofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool. [B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunityto studyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagood ideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework. [C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalance studyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmay betoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreen mostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework 20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincredibly disciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying. Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant. [E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudents mayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.Althoughworkis importanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimal timesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessor Cooper.
Text3 Thereweretwowidelydivergent influencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshada motherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsstate andstatisticscomefromthesameLatinrootstatusandagentlemanlygambling fatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsin gamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspringstatisticsis representedbycountingmeasuringdescribingtabulatingorderingandthe takingofcensuses—allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromthe influenceofthefathercamemodeminferenticalstatisticswhichisbased squarelyontheoriesofprobability.Descriptivestatistics involvestabulatingdepictinganddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedata maybeeitherquantitativesuchasmeasuresofheightintelligenceorgrade level—variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedata mayrepresentqualitativevariablesuchassexcollegemajororpersonality type.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessof summarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptive statisticsistoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensible formthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata. Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganother classofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind. Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomake predictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexampleaschoolsuperintendent wishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocome toschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforfluorwhatever.Havinga littleknowledgeofstatisticsthesuperintendentwouldknowthatitis unnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionforthe entiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas 100children.Thusthepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictor estimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromknowledgeofthecharacteristics ofonlyasampleofthepopulation.Whydoestheauthormentionthemotherandfatherinthefirstparagraph
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenlawandpower
Text2 IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationover theageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhave thedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutes tokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection.Thefirstof thesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhat wasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurders whichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthe reintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory whicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingthe actiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobber mightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwo argumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminals shouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommita crimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanother wordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneye andatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenalty arelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposing it:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecord yearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.There wasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywere correcttherateshouldhavefallen.Theotherreasonsto opposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceand belief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerightto takealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvises forgivenessnotrevenge.AllofthefollowingdeathpenaltymethodsarementionedinthepassageEXCEPT______.
FromthepassageweknowthatBobbywas______.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeople doitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfying andyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter.I’mtalkingofcourse abouthavingabusinesslunch.Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouare uncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingto aprospectiveclient.Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchers believethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusiness orbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Business lunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunchthey’reaboutbuilding relationships.OneofmybusinessrulesisPeopledobusiness withpeopletheylike.Oftenit’snotproductspricesor thecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfect timeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheras people.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogether easier.Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusiness lunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten.You don’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilfor acertainoccasionorissue.Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchis goingtobeasalescall.InsteadtrythestraightforwardapproachWe’vebeen doingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandget toknowyoualittlebetter.OralittlelessstraightforwardI’moftenin yourareahowabouthavinglunchsometimeHavetheother personsuggestaplacetoeat—Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingto tryOrifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant. ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethem toareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant.Ifyoudidthe invitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsaysIcanputthisonmy company’screditcard.Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.Youcan justsayYoucangetthenextone.Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’t permitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthe tab.Thefollowingplacesmightbegoodchoicesforabusinesslunchexcept______.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeople doitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfying andyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter.I’mtalkingofcourse abouthavingabusinesslunch.Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouare uncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingto aprospectiveclient.Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchers believethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusiness orbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Business lunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunchthey’reaboutbuilding relationships.OneofmybusinessrulesisPeopledobusiness withpeopletheylike.Oftenit’snotproductspricesor thecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfect timeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheras people.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogether easier.Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusiness lunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten.You don’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilfor acertainoccasionorissue.Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchis goingtobeasalescall.InsteadtrythestraightforwardapproachWe’vebeen doingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandget toknowyoualittlebetter.OralittlelessstraightforwardI’moftenin yourareahowabouthavinglunchsometimeHavetheother personsuggestaplacetoeat—Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingto tryOrifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant. ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethem toareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant.Ifyoudidthe invitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsaysIcanputthisonmy company’screditcard.Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.Youcan justsayYoucangetthenextone.Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’t permitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthe tab.Accordingtothewriteronecanoffertoinviteaclientolunch______.
Text4 Formillionsofyearsbeforethe appearanceoftheelectriclightshiftworkallnightcableTVandthe InternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanetwithpredictableandreassuring 24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksaresetforthisdailycycle.Simplyput ourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawakeduringtheday.Mostwomenand menneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhoursofsleepanighttofunction properlythroughouttheirlives.Contrarytopopularbeliefhumansdon’tneed lesssleepastheyage.ButonaverageAmericanssleeponly aboutsevenandahalfhourspernightamarkeddropfromtheninehoursthey averagedin1910.What’sworsenearlyonethirdofallAmericansgetlessthan sixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight.Formostpeoplethat’snotnearly enough.FindingwaystogetmoreandbetterSleepcanbea challenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan80differentsleepdisorders. Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmanyproblemsarecausedbystayingup lateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequentlybetweentimezonesorbyworking nights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewishMedicalandResearchCenterin Denversaysthatsleepdisordersareoftendiagnosedasotherdiscomforts.About onethirdofthepatientsreferredtohimwithpossiblechronicfatiguesyndrome actuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders.Beforewedoanythingelsewelookat theirsleepJonessays.Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeople wouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheirsleeppatterns.Mymottois’Sleep defensively’saysMaryCarskadonofBrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedto carveoutsufficienttimetosleepevenifitmeansgivingupotherthings. Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedandgettingupatthesametimeeveryday—are important.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalsomakeadifference.AswithElanerwho usedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafewlifestylechanges—avoidingstimulants andlatemealsexercisinghoursbeforebedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yield bettersleep.Sleepdefensivelymeansthat______.
Text2 IntheUSA85%ofthepopulationover theageif21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhcihstillhave thedeathpenaltysomeusetheelectricchairwhichcantakeupto20minutes tokillwhileothersusegasorlethalinjection.Thefirstof thesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhat wasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurders whichitwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse. Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthe reintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory whicharguesthatpotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingthe actiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobber mightlikewisegobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwo argumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminals shouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommita crimeheshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanother wordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneye andatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenalty arelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposing it:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain1903wasthetherecord yearforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.There wasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywere correcttherateshouldhavefallen.Theotherreasonsto opposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatherofindividualconscienceand belief.Oneisthatmurderismurderandthatthestatehasnomorerightto takealiferthantheindividual.TheotheristhatChristianityadvises forgivenessnotrevenge.Inparagraph3deterrencemeans______.
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