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Directions: A. Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in 160--200words. B. Your e...
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Inthetwodecadesbetween1929and1949sculptureintheUnitedStatessustainedwhatwasprobablythegreatestexpansioninsheertechniquetooccurinmanycenturies.46Therewasfirstofalltheincorporationofweldingintosculpturalpracticewiththeresultthatitwaspossibletoformanewkindofmetalobject.Forsculptorsworkingwithmetalearlierrestrictedtothedensesolidityofthebronzecastitwaspossibletoaddatypeofworkassembledfrompaper--thinmetalsheetsorsinuouslycurvedrods.Sculpturecouldtaketheformofalineartwo-dimensionalframeandstillremainphysicallyselfsupporting.Alongwiththeinnovationofweldingcameacorrelativedeparture:freestandingsculpturethatwasshockinglyflat. Yetanothertechnicalexpansionoftheoptionsforsculptureappearedintheguiseofmotion.47Theindividualpartsofasculpturewerenolongerunderstoodasnecessarilyfixedinrelationtooneanotherbutcouldbemadetochangepositionwithinaworkconstructedasamovingobject.Motorizingthesculpturewasonlyoneofmanypossibilitiestakenupinthe1930’s.48Otherstrategiesforgettingtheworktomoveinvolvedstructuringitinsuchawaythatexternalforceslikeairmovementsorthetouchofaviewercouldinitiatemotion.Movementbroughtwithitanewattitudetowardtheissueofsculpturalunity:aworkmightbemadeofwidelydiverseandevendiscordantelements;theirformalunitywouldbeachievedthroughthearcofaparticularmotioncompletingitselfthroughtime. 49Liketheuseofweldingandmovementthethirdofthesemajortechnicalexpansionstodevelopinthe1930’sand1940’saddressedtheissuesofsculpturalmaterialsandsculpturalunity.Butitsmediumfordoingsowasthefoundobjectanitemnotintendedforuseinapieceofartworksuchasanewspaperormetalpipe.Tocreateasculpturebyassemblingpartsthathadbeenfabricatedoriginallyforaquitedifferentcontextdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanewtechnology.50Butitdidmeanachangeinsculpturalpracticeforitraisedthepossibilitythatmakingsculpturemightinvolvemoreaconceptualshiftthanaphysicaltransformationofthematerialfromwhichitiscomposed. Liketheuseofweldingandmovementthethirdofthesemajortechnicalexpansionstodevelopinthe1930’sand1940’saddressedtheissuesofsculpturalmaterialsandsculpturalunity
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.HereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatBiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. Thistextappearstobeadigestof
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.HereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatBiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally'sperspectivesare
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbours’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed....butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMsHeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 41
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinal-yearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflaterrankattainment. Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaselffulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.FromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinDrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks.
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbours’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed....butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMsHeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 43
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.DuringtheweeklongholidayyoujoinedapackagetourorganizedbyatravelagencytotilecityofBeijing.Butwhenyougotthereyoufoundtheservicesprovidedforyouratherdisappointing.ThenyoudecidedtowriteralettertotheGeneralManagerto Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. AtthetimewhenthisarticlewaswrittenthesituationfordoctorsinPhiladelphiaseemedtobe
Text4 Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectionBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter---whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign--shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidas-Salomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterforhis
Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. Theauthor'spresentationofAtlantans'car-dependenceismeant
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. BymentioningdoubledippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
PartA Directions.. SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanonthecampus.YouareeagertojoinsomeschoolassociationsattheuniversitysoyoudecidetowritealettertoPresidentofStudentUnionto Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbours’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed....butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMsHeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 45
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinal-yearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflaterrankattainment. Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaselffulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.FromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinDrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Itseemsthattheauthorisverycriticalof
Text4 Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectionBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter---whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign--shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidas-Salomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.HereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatBiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. ThecaseofMrsSickles'unfortunatestoryismentionedtoillustrate
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
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