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构成课的核心部分是( )
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根据道德的心理结构成分个体道德的核心部分是
道德认知
道德情感
道德行为
道德信念
在最低生活保障制度的基本构成要素中作为其核心部分的是.
适用范围
最低生活标准
待遇水平
资金来源
负责会展项目的开发策划营销的人员属于会展人力资源构成中的
拉动部分
辅助部分
核心部分
边缘部分
由方式构成的库存管理是供应物流的核心部分
定量订货与定期订货
传统的经济订货批量
现代的物料需求计划
零库存
关于法律规则下列表述中正确的是哪项
法律规则在逻辑结构上由法律概念、行为模式和法律后果构成，行为模式是任何法律规则的核心部分
法律规则在逻辑结构上由假定条件、行为模式和法律后果构成，行为模式是任何法律规则的核心部分
法律规则在逻辑结构上由权利、义务和责任构成，权利是任何法律规则的核心部分
法律规则在逻辑结构上由权利、义务和责任构成，义务是任何法律规则的核心部分
BTS3012机柜为基站系统的核心部分主要由以下插框构成
构成励磁调节器的型式很多但自动控制系统的核心部分却很相似基本的控制由综合放大移相触发单元组成
薪酬主要由直接薪酬和间接薪酬这两大部分构成其中直接薪酬是薪酬的核心部分
处方的处方正文是
处方的核心部分，是取药的凭证
处方的核心部分，是处方开具者为患者开写的用药依据
处方开具者为患者开写的用药依据
处方的核心部分，是药师给患者开写的用药依据
是药师给患者开写的用药依据
构成课程的核心部分是
组织教学
检查复习
讲授新课
布置作业
加气站CNG加气站的核心部部分主要由哪几部分构成的
旅游吸引物和旅游服务构成了旅游产品的
形式部分
延伸部分
供求部分
核心部分
在个体品德的构成中道德是其品德的核心部分
窗体的主体位于窗体的中心部分是工作窗口的核心部分由多种______组成
VIS的基本构成要素中最核心部分不包括
标准字
企业标志
企业商标
企业专用印刷字体
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Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. Thereportsaysthatiftheuseoffossilfuelswerebanned
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. AccordingtotheauthorthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto_________________.
Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuchcaptiveshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetimeconsumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.DowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplaceasksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillManycaptiveshippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. .Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause
Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuchcaptiveshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetimeconsumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.DowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplaceasksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillManycaptiveshippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that
YouareagraduateofHistory.Writealettertooneofyourcollegeprofessortorequestarecommendationlettertosupportyourapplicationforapositionwithapublishingcompany.Yourlettershouldcover: 1remindinghimofyouandyourperformance 2thingsyouhopetobereflectedinhisletterand 3thewayofmailingtheletter. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinatingButtobefascinatedisalsosometimestobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood. Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’’thelpthatbuildingabigpowerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam. Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDamforexamplestoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft―allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity. Andyetthemythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.ThisweekintheheartofcivilizedEuropeSlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechsandnowneedsadamtoproveitself. MeanwhileinIndiatheWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerfulbuttheyarefarfromguaranteed. Properscientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmythsitishardtobeeitherproperorscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’’tneedadamtobesaved. Inparagraph5thepowerlessprobablyrefersto____________.
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinatingButtobefascinatedisalsosometimestobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood. Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’’thelpthatbuildingabigpowerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam. Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDamforexamplestoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft―allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity. Andyetthemythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.ThisweekintheheartofcivilizedEuropeSlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechsandnowneedsadamtoproveitself. MeanwhileinIndiatheWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerfulbuttheyarefarfromguaranteed. Properscientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmythsitishardtobeeitherproperorscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’’tneedadamtobesaved. Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas____________.
Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuchcaptiveshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetimeconsumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.DowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplaceasksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillManycaptiveshippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. .Accordingtothetextthecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. WhichofthefollowingisincludedintheEPAreport
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause_________________.
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