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WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Fromthelastparagraphwelearnthattheextensionoffisheryzonesmaybeagoodthinginthat
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002.
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedone. 44
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.Thepassageshowsthatthewriteris______thepresentsituation.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 20
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused—andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog.Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthatnopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident.Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzcnegger.BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.ThereareseveralArnoldamendmentsinCongress:oneal-lowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983.Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthebasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada:theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor.MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmil-itarysuperpowers.Theauthorofthetextmakesacontrastin______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 12
Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 14
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 10
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 4
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 6
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Theauthorsuggestsinthethirdparagraphthatbeforethemid-twentiethcenturymostnations’actionsindicatedthat
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusers--thatistosaymostofus--are11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthailsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 20
Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder. SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea. Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus. PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages. Thewordintriguinginparagraph3refersto
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. ThewriterbelievesthattheRepublicPartyinfaceofthechallengefromitsopponentsshould
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"ItisGood/BadtoWriteaboutMartialArtsNovelsintheTexbooks"Intheessayyoushould1describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning;2giveyouropinionandsupportitwithsomeproof;3gettheconclusion. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 2
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Googleiseye-catchingduetoits______.
Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder.SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea.Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus.PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages.Accordingtothispassage______mayresultintheimbalanceofbacteriainyourintestines.
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedone. 42
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused—andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog.Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthatnopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident.Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzcnegger.BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.ThereareseveralArnoldamendmentsinCongress:oneal-lowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983.Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthebasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada:theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor.MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmil-itarysuperpowers.ComparedwithJenniferGranholmMr.Schwarzeneggerisatdisadvantagedueto______.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Battelle’sworkis______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 8
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 18
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 16
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused—andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog.Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthatnopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident.Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzcnegger.BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.ThereareseveralArnoldamendmentsinCongress:oneal-lowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983.Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthebasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada:theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor.MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmil-itarysuperpowers.Itcanbeinferredfromtheconcludingparagraphthat______.
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