首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
马日事变
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
1936年12月12日清晨张学良杨虎城在西安扣留了蒋介石这 就是著名的
西安事变
皖南事变
卢沟桥事变
七七事变
标志第一次国共合作全面破裂的是
“四一二”反革命__
马日事变
“七一五”国民__“分共”会议
第一次国共合作终于全面破裂的历史事件是
“四•一二”__
马日事变
夏斗寅叛乱
“七•一五”__
大革命失败的标志是
四一二__
三二O事件
整理党务案
马日事变
七一五__
马日事变以后浏阳县委书记潘心源将浏阳工农义勇队和平江农民军进行合编新的__番号是什么呢
1927年6月16日武汉中央政治委员会决定和平解决马日事变派往长沙的特派代表是谁呢
1927年7月29日马日事变以后李维汉命令长沙的农军和省总工会工人纠察队集结于哪一座山
1931年日本帝国主义制造了侵略中国的
九一八事变
一·二八事变
七七事变
八一三事变
制造马日事变的罪魁祸首是
汪精卫
何键
夏斗寅
许克祥
马日事变许克祥的顶头上司是谁
马日事变以后长沙县农民武装的总负责人是谁呢
每年的12月12日为双十二事变纪念日双十二事变指的是
皖南事变
华北事变
西安事变
九一八事变
1927年5月21日长沙发动马日事变的国民党反动军官是谁呢
使中国大革命受到严重的摧残标志着大革命的部分失败是大革命从胜利走向失败的重大转折点
四一二反革命__
马日事变
七一五国民__“分共”会议
“中山舰”事件
1926年蒋介石为篡夺军权制造了
中山舰事件
马日事变
整理党务案
“四一二”__
马日事变以后湖南农民协会秘书长在湘潭召开军事会议制定反攻长沙计划这位秘书长是
1927年许克祥发动震惊全国的马日事变马日是哪一天
马嵬驿事变是唐玄宗在安史之乱中从长安出逃至马嵬驿时发生的随行将士哗变事变导致宰相被杀唐玄宗被迫缢死杨
1927年5月21日晚国民党反动军官许克祥率叛军袭击省总工会等革命机关团体解除工人纠察队和农民自卫军
干支纪日
特定别称纪日
韵目代日
以上都不是
马嵬驿事变
热门试题
更多
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.SMRsystemsgainanedgeoverotherservicesmostlybyvirtueof
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.Itcanbelearnedthatthecompanyhasmovedfarfromitsfounder’s
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ThereactionoftheU.S.tothecaseofMichaelFaycouldbestbedescribedas
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. Justhowdoesapersonarriveatan ideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1 ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2which continuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatone establishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementary knowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannot make5wehavetheopportunityto6 ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto 7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmany otherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeople withwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10 thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe Looking-glassSelfbyCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological 11ofself-discovery.Justasthepicturein themirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12the perceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.We know13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotat others.This14cametousfromthereactionsofother personsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15in life.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe 16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassself withwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromthe imageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyit isourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19 responsesthat20ourself-imageandthese perceptionsareoftennotaccurate.
Directions: TheStudents’UnionofEnglishDepartmentwillholdanEnglishspeechcontest.Youare requiredtowriteaposterthroughwhichstudentsandteacherscanbeinformedoftheevent. Thepostershouldinclude: 1scheduleofthecontest 2andrequirementsandotherdetails. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Whatdoesthewritersayofthestockmarketdecline
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.Itisoftenclaimedthatsomemessagesconveyedinpopularmusic
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.IntheeyesoftheauthorIceT’sCopKillershouldbecondemnedfor
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Thebasicproblemwithmobiletelephonecompaniesaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. WhenmentioningthelatestshipwreckPara.3theauthoristalkingabout
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ItseemsthatthewriterbelievesthatSingaporeshouldbepraisedintermsof
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Thetoneofthewriterasreflectedinthefirstsentenceis
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号