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Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementin bothspeakingandwritingfollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations. ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumbered subheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse. MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Therearemanydifferences.betweencommunicatinginwritten andspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceand personalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygesturesfacial expressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-face communication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersinthe formofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analert speakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochanging circumstances.41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingand writingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsand punctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandif thereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.Whylong sentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedat people’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirect conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapply equallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43. Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessage instantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossible measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectly cleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientious speakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurate asresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditionto beingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudience andoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvary his/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheother handhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbraces toachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitive andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedword forwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeats wordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgood writing.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprime meansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe profoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusinga dictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresourcesyouwillfail toachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Another devicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyour talkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyour introductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover. Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeany conclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeaker who’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticaland psychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokenshe shouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeher audiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E] Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforth misinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastorya nameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers Unfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedin print.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoided ffsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkis onacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotations andsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentences areacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymore wordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesona marathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceuttered they’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothshe andthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexcept perhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethe listenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
Text4 Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthree private-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003is alreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelyto drawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikely togetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundis likelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogetherSome private-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliable relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemare placingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies. Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthatthe advertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.Onereason whyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotof moneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.But private-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessin particular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebig acquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTime WarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuy MGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Instead private-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuy MGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthe factthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradiois nowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesof establishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwas just3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equity putsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublic stockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersa media-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennow bringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusan enthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaim thenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheir industry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatso farprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheir entertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostof their$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmaking specialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunch aninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillions more.Thebesttitleforthetextmightbe
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswill notbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46Thatisone ofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme whichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissobering reading.47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03a studyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissues containsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactof factorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereport releasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainable DevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsfor reversingthedamage.Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinone offourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsidered situationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarkets environmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebased onattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulation levelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance.Someofthe situationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48Inaworlddominatedbyamarket mentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissue particularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Butthe sustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors.Thedelays betweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggest surprisetotheregionalexpertssaysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteof PublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthe report’sauthors.49Thereportfoundthatevenif environmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxide concentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswould continueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficulty inchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures.Originally usedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedin animprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCinthe early1990s.Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacredible storyabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiable formation.saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairofthe IPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworld intonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasused justfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchair energyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailin futurestrudies.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswill notbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46Thatisone ofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme whichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissobering reading.47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03a studyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissues containsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactof factorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereport releasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainable DevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsfor reversingthedamage.Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinone offourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsidered situationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarkets environmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebased onattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulation levelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance.Someofthe situationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48Inaworlddominatedbyamarket mentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissue particularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Butthe sustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors.Thedelays betweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggest surprisetotheregionalexpertssaysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteof PublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthe report’sauthors.49Thereportfoundthatevenif environmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxide concentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswould continueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficulty inchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures.Originally usedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedin animprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCinthe early1990s.Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacredible storyabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiable formation.saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairofthe IPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworld intonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasused justfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchair energyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailin futurestrudies.
Text3 HalfwaythroughTheRebelSellthe authorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddsto ensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisall wellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-loving earthworm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedark comerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethe spaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJoseph HeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPottera journalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbut intheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfrom consumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr HeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobe subversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketand thusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopesto destroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceof StanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmerican Beauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estate pricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovement andtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyThe authors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschew smallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthe hopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadof encouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-be leftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrations againstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhich onlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainst brandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomein forspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusing toofferpracticalsolutions.Anticipatingcriticismperhaps MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagers fromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes. Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupid workersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarms race:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelative tohisneighbors’Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweek mightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensive excesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventhe authorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuch modestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthe counterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandsto itspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsand onthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethe mistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuy brandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheir purchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessages wholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’s ramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthe counterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodemsocietyThe RebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoretical stretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeron atrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfor theirfree-rangechicken.Mr.HeathandMr.Potterseemtobelievethatcounterculture
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior infactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:if it’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfroma saber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunchAndyetsaysDr.Nora VolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstand addictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningof civilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingsto makethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-optthe verybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostile world.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscall salience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalient .whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodand sexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabuse capitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemory systemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkick in—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollable craving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow. Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomean addictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcango fornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosex maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbea behavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehas shownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibit hyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthe mouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthe floodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturn intoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesan addict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluate consequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowing exactlyhowthathappens.Paulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolled inaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhowere morelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealso lessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjust tonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobeless adeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-making tasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsof activationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverride impulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedthese abilitiesintherelapsers—aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemical abuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthe druguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.To hissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccurately predictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystem poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelooking specificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsand bindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrain chemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’s hold.Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause
Text3 HalfwaythroughTheRebelSellthe authorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddsto ensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisall wellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-loving earthworm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedark comerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethe spaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJoseph HeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPottera journalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbut intheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfrom consumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr HeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobe subversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketand thusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopesto destroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceof StanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmerican Beauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estate pricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovement andtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyThe authors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschew smallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthe hopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadof encouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-be leftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrations againstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhich onlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainst brandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomein forspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusing toofferpracticalsolutions.Anticipatingcriticismperhaps MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagers fromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes. Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupid workersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarms race:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelative tohisneighbors’Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweek mightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensive excesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventhe authorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuch modestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthe counterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandsto itspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsand onthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethe mistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuy brandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheir purchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessages wholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’s ramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthe counterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodemsocietyThe RebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoretical stretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeron atrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfor theirfree-rangechicken.AccordingtoMr.HeathandMr.Potterconsumerismcanbetracedbackto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswill notbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46Thatisone ofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme whichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissobering reading.47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03a studyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissues containsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactof factorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereport releasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainable DevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsfor reversingthedamage.Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinone offourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsidered situationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarkets environmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebased onattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulation levelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance.Someofthe situationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48Inaworlddominatedbyamarket mentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissue particularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Butthe sustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors.Thedelays betweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggest surprisetotheregionalexpertssaysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteof PublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthe report’sauthors.49Thereportfoundthatevenif environmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxide concentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswould continueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficulty inchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures.Originally usedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedin animprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCinthe early1990s.Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacredible storyabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiable formation.saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairofthe IPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworld intonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasused justfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchair energyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailin futurestrudies.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Text4 Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthree private-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003is alreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelyto drawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikely togetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundis likelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogetherSome private-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliable relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemare placingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies. Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthatthe advertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.Onereason whyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotof moneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.But private-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessin particular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebig acquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTime WarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuy MGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Instead private-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuy MGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthe factthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradiois nowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesof establishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwas just3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equity putsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublic stockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersa media-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennow bringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusan enthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaim thenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheir industry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatso farprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheir entertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostof their$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmaking specialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunch aninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillions more.Thewordvolatileline3paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text2 Goodlooksthevideo-gamesindustryis discoveringwillgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfar outstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980sbutthereismoretoagoodgame thaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofother aspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolook better—theirbehaviourmustalsobemoresophisticatedsayresearchersworking attheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligenceAI. Today’sgamesmaylookbetterbutthegameplayisbasicallythesameas itwasafewyearsagosaysMichaelMateasthefounderoftheExperimental GameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AIhesuggestsoffersan untappedfrontierofnewpossibilities.Wearetoppingoutonthegraphicsso what’sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplayasksJohnLaird directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpart oftheanswerhesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definition graphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsolessuchasMicrosoft’s Xbox360areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboardsaysNeffYoungof ElectronicArtstheworld’sbiggestgamespublisher.Youhavetohave high-resolutionmodelswhichrequireshigh-resolutionanimationhesaysso nowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviour.Representativesfrom industryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelReyCalifornialaterthis monthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigital EntertainmentAIIDEconference.TheaimsaysDrLairdwhowillchairthe eventistoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres. GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyearshenotes.AlanTuring oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940swroteasimplechess-playing programbeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedthe Turingtestaquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachine intelligence.EvensoAIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparate worldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfrom anacademicperspectivesaysDr.MateaswhileAlresearcherswereinturn cluelessaboutmoderngames.Buthesaysbothsidesarelearningandarenow muchcloser.Considerforexamplethesoftwarethatcontrols anenemyinafirst-personshooterFPS—agameinwhichtheplayerviewsthe worldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehaviourofenemiesusedtobe pre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearbypopupfrombehindaboxfire weaponandthenrollandhidebehindanotherboxforexample.Butsomegames nowusefarmoreadvancedplanningsystemsimportedfromacademia.Insteadof scriptsandhand-codedbehaviourtheAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfrom firstprinciplessaysDr.Mateas.Theycanforexampleworkoutwhetherthe playercanseethemornotseekoutcoverwheninjuredandsoon.Ratherthan justmovingbetweenpredefinedspotsthecharactersinawargamecan dynamicallyshiftdependingonwhat’shappeningsaysFionaSperryof ElectronicArts.Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfrom academiatheoppositeisalsotrue.CommercialgamessuchasUnreal Tournamentwhichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscriptedarebeingadoptedas researchtoolsinuniversitiessaysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexible environmentsforexperimentsandalsomeanthatstudentsendupwith transferableskills.Butthegreatestpotentialliesin combiningresearchwithgamedevelopmentarguesDr.Mateas.Onlybywrestling withrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealedandonlybywrestling withtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentare possiblehesays.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Text2 Goodlooksthevideo-gamesindustryis discoveringwillgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfar outstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980sbutthereismoretoagoodgame thaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofother aspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolook better—theirbehaviourmustalsobemoresophisticatedsayresearchersworking attheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligenceAI. Today’sgamesmaylookbetterbutthegameplayisbasicallythesameas itwasafewyearsagosaysMichaelMateasthefounderoftheExperimental GameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AIhesuggestsoffersan untappedfrontierofnewpossibilities.Wearetoppingoutonthegraphicsso what’sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplayasksJohnLaird directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpart oftheanswerhesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definition graphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsolessuchasMicrosoft’s Xbox360areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboardsaysNeffYoungof ElectronicArtstheworld’sbiggestgamespublisher.Youhavetohave high-resolutionmodelswhichrequireshigh-resolutionanimationhesaysso nowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviour.Representativesfrom industryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelReyCalifornialaterthis monthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigital EntertainmentAIIDEconference.TheaimsaysDrLairdwhowillchairthe eventistoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres. GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyearshenotes.AlanTuring oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940swroteasimplechess-playing programbeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedthe Turingtestaquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachine intelligence.EvensoAIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparate worldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfrom anacademicperspectivesaysDr.MateaswhileAlresearcherswereinturn cluelessaboutmoderngames.Buthesaysbothsidesarelearningandarenow muchcloser.Considerforexamplethesoftwarethatcontrols anenemyinafirst-personshooterFPS—agameinwhichtheplayerviewsthe worldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehaviourofenemiesusedtobe pre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearbypopupfrombehindaboxfire weaponandthenrollandhidebehindanotherboxforexample.Butsomegames nowusefarmoreadvancedplanningsystemsimportedfromacademia.Insteadof scriptsandhand-codedbehaviourtheAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfrom firstprinciplessaysDr.Mateas.Theycanforexampleworkoutwhetherthe playercanseethemornotseekoutcoverwheninjuredandsoon.Ratherthan justmovingbetweenpredefinedspotsthecharactersinawargamecan dynamicallyshiftdependingonwhat’shappeningsaysFionaSperryof ElectronicArts.Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfrom academiatheoppositeisalsotrue.CommercialgamessuchasUnreal Tournamentwhichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscriptedarebeingadoptedas researchtoolsinuniversitiessaysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexible environmentsforexperimentsandalsomeanthatstudentsendupwith transferableskills.Butthegreatestpotentialliesin combiningresearchwithgamedevelopmentarguesDr.Mateas.Onlybywrestling withrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealedandonlybywrestling withtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentare possiblehesays.ThemainpurposeoftheAIIDEconferenceisto
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior infactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:if it’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfroma saber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunchAndyetsaysDr.Nora VolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstand addictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningof civilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingsto makethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-optthe verybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostile world.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscall salience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalient .whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodand sexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabuse capitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemory systemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkick in—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollable craving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow. Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomean addictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcango fornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosex maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbea behavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehas shownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibit hyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthe mouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthe floodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturn intoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesan addict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluate consequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowing exactlyhowthathappens.Paulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolled inaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhowere morelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealso lessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjust tonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobeless adeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-making tasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsof activationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverride impulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedthese abilitiesintherelapsers—aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemical abuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthe druguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.To hissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccurately predictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystem poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelooking specificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsand bindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrain chemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’s hold.Accordingtothetextanyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Someoftheconcernssurrounding Turkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1on bytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic—inparticular thecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdof theaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itis notfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich3 onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4of twocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5 talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st 2007.6thecountry’srecenteconomic progresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generalofthe OECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthana yearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomesclose to8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallen intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry 10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billion iconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtoward Europeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrong point.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikean electrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This 14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfailed dismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockof suchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15 havescarcelyeverreached$1billion.Onedeterrent toforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.On thatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizens tocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromtheface valueofthelira里拉土耳其贷币单位;oneunitofthelocal17 willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—ieabout0.530.53欧元.Goodswill havetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeof theyear19foreignbankersand20 canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolonger havetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsof zeros.
Text4 Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthree private-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003is alreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelyto drawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikely togetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundis likelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogetherSome private-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliable relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemare placingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies. Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthatthe advertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.Onereason whyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotof moneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.But private-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessin particular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebig acquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTime WarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuy MGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Instead private-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuy MGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthe factthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradiois nowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesof establishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwas just3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equity putsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublic stockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersa media-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennow bringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusan enthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaim thenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheir industry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatso farprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheir entertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostof their$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmaking specialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunch aninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillions more.ThecaseoftheexecutivesatTimeWarnerwascitedtoshowthat
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementin bothspeakingandwritingfollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations. ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumbered subheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse. MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Therearemanydifferences.betweencommunicatinginwritten andspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceand personalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygesturesfacial expressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-face communication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersinthe formofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analert speakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochanging circumstances.41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingand writingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsand punctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandif thereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.Whylong sentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedat people’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirect conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapply equallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43. Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessage instantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossible measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectly cleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientious speakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurate asresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditionto beingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudience andoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvary his/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheother handhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbraces toachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitive andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedword forwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeats wordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgood writing.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprime meansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe profoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusinga dictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresourcesyouwillfail toachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Another devicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyour talkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyour introductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover. Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeany conclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeaker who’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticaland psychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokenshe shouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeher audiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E] Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforth misinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastorya nameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers Unfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedin print.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoided ffsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkis onacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotations andsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentences areacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymore wordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesona marathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceuttered they’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothshe andthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexcept perhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethe listenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
Text2 Goodlooksthevideo-gamesindustryis discoveringwillgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfar outstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980sbutthereismoretoagoodgame thaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofother aspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolook better—theirbehaviourmustalsobemoresophisticatedsayresearchersworking attheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligenceAI. Today’sgamesmaylookbetterbutthegameplayisbasicallythesameas itwasafewyearsagosaysMichaelMateasthefounderoftheExperimental GameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AIhesuggestsoffersan untappedfrontierofnewpossibilities.Wearetoppingoutonthegraphicsso what’sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplayasksJohnLaird directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpart oftheanswerhesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definition graphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsolessuchasMicrosoft’s Xbox360areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboardsaysNeffYoungof ElectronicArtstheworld’sbiggestgamespublisher.Youhavetohave high-resolutionmodelswhichrequireshigh-resolutionanimationhesaysso nowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviour.Representativesfrom industryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelReyCalifornialaterthis monthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigital EntertainmentAIIDEconference.TheaimsaysDrLairdwhowillchairthe eventistoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres. GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyearshenotes.AlanTuring oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940swroteasimplechess-playing programbeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedthe Turingtestaquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachine intelligence.EvensoAIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparate worldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfrom anacademicperspectivesaysDr.MateaswhileAlresearcherswereinturn cluelessaboutmoderngames.Buthesaysbothsidesarelearningandarenow muchcloser.Considerforexamplethesoftwarethatcontrols anenemyinafirst-personshooterFPS—agameinwhichtheplayerviewsthe worldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehaviourofenemiesusedtobe pre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearbypopupfrombehindaboxfire weaponandthenrollandhidebehindanotherboxforexample.Butsomegames nowusefarmoreadvancedplanningsystemsimportedfromacademia.Insteadof scriptsandhand-codedbehaviourtheAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfrom firstprinciplessaysDr.Mateas.Theycanforexampleworkoutwhetherthe playercanseethemornotseekoutcoverwheninjuredandsoon.Ratherthan justmovingbetweenpredefinedspotsthecharactersinawargamecan dynamicallyshiftdependingonwhat’shappeningsaysFionaSperryof ElectronicArts.Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfrom academiatheoppositeisalsotrue.CommercialgamessuchasUnreal Tournamentwhichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscriptedarebeingadoptedas researchtoolsinuniversitiessaysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexible environmentsforexperimentsandalsomeanthatstudentsendupwith transferableskills.Butthegreatestpotentialliesin combiningresearchwithgamedevelopmentarguesDr.Mateas.Onlybywrestling withrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealedandonlybywrestling withtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentare possiblehesays.Accordingtothepassagegoodvideo-gamesusedtobejudgedintermsof
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