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__思想的形成和发展过程，包括以下几个阶段
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坚持和发展__思想首先要做到
完整地准确地理解和掌握__思想科学体系
把__思想和__晚年的错误思想区别开来
在实践中发展__思想
不断捍卫__思想的历史地位
马克思主义同中国实际相结合的过程同时也是__思想形成和发展的过 程
__对__思想的继承和发展表现在
提出要完整准确地理解__思想
正确评价__和__思想的历史地位
继承了__思想的活的灵魂
形成了__理论
坚持和发展__思想首先要做到
完整地准确地理解和掌握__思想科学体系
把__思想和__晚年的错误思想区别开来
在实践中发展__思想
不断捍卫__思想的历史地位
__军事思想的形成和发展经历了哪几个阶段
__军事思想的形成和发展是一个历史过程它是在中国革命战争的发展过程中逐步形成为一个科学体系的下面说
__军事思想在土地革命时期产生和形成
__军事思想在解放战争时期达到了丰富和完善
__军事思想在抗日战争时期发展
__军事思想在社会主义革命时期得到成熟
简述__思想形成和发展的历史进程与启示
简述__思想的形成和发展
__思想形成和发展的历史条件与我们今天面 临的形势和任务有很大的不同使得__思想的时代价值有所减
对待__思想的科学态度是
拥护和继承__思想
坚持和发展__思想
维护和学习__思想
理解和掌握__思想
__思想形成与发展所经历的阶段是
中国__创建和国民革命时期，__思想开始萌芽
土地革命战争前中期，__思想初步形成
从1935年初召开的党的遵义会议到1945年春夏召开的党的“七大”，__思想成熟并确立了其在党的指导地位
解放战争时期和建国后，是__思想继续发展
概述__思想的形成发展过程
__思想活的灵魂是贯穿于__思想科学体系各个组成部分 的立场观点和方法包括几个基本方面
实事求是
和平发展
群众路线
独立自主
__思想的发展过程分为
产生、形成、成熟三个阶段
产生、形成、成熟、顶峰几个阶段
开始萌芽 ,初步形成 ,走向成熟 ,继续发展 ,曲折发展等多个阶段
开始萌芽 ,初步形成 ,走向成熟 ,继续发展 ,陷入大的错误等几个阶段
__思想的形成和发展经历的重要阶段有
初步萌芽
初步形成
走向成熟和继续发展
曲折发展
__思想形成与发展经历的主要阶段有
萌芽阶段
形成阶段
成熟阶段
继续发展阶段
__思想的形成和发展大体经历了几个阶段
萌芽时期
初步形成
趋于成熟
继续发展
曲折发展
农村包围城市武装夺取政权的中国革命道路形成于
__思想的萌芽时期
__思想的形成时期
__思想的成熟时期
__思想的继续发展时期
__思想经历了诞生成熟和发展几个阶段下列属于__思想成熟时期的著作是①中国革命和中国__②井冈
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Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Wemayinferthatthewriterofthearticledoesnotfavor
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 8
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealoffasterhigherstrongercoachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp.Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining.41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement.Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen.Performance-enhancingstrategies.Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness:42.Trainingthestart-up.Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove.43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement.Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percentsaystheUSOC’sDavis.44.Developinganaerobicfitness.Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition.Powerisstrengthwithspeed.Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrengthsaysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel.45.Difficultiesunderway.It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes.ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetupperformance-enhancingteamswherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence.[A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled.YouhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwellsaysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside.[B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst.[C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish.[D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:OvercorrectonaturnsaysdriverMarkGrimmetteandyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs.[E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint.[F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement.
Directions: Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofchallenge.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge. Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregretIfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow.ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenaremorematerialisticandlessaltruistic.41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthealtruisticfieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup.42.______.FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife.43.______.Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld.44.______.Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds.45.______.Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob.[A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes.[B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjectiveistobefinanciallywelloff.Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.[C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions.[D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow.[E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever.[F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense.[G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic.
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Facebook’susers
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 20
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 18
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Intheauthor’sviewtheGreekswhostudiedconicsections
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 14
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 12
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 2
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. AccordingtothispassagetheproblemAmericafirmfacedwithis
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Mehdizadehmaythinkthat
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregretIfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow.ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenaremorematerialisticandlessaltruistic.41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthealtruisticfieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup.42.______.FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife.43.______.Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld.44.______.Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds.45.______.Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob.[A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes.[B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjectiveistobefinanciallywelloff.Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.[C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions.[D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow.[E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever.[F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense.[G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic.
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Theauthordirectlydiscussesthefactthat
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 6
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 10
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 4
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsAmericancompanies
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 16
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Accordingtothispassage
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Narcissistsmay
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