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下述哪个情况机体能量的提供主要来源于脂肪
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配餐中膳食能量描述正确的是
蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例要适宜
摄入营养素要稍多于人体能量需要量
膳食能量来源于脂肪碳水化合物
膳食能量来源于蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪
摄入能量要稍多于机体消耗的能量
下列关于配餐中膳食能量的描述正确的是
蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例要适宜
摄入营养素要稍多于人体能量需要量
膳食能量来源于脂肪碳水化合物
膳食能量来源于蛋白质、 碳水化合物和脂肪
摄入能量要稍多于机体消耗的能量
在下述哪种情况时机体能量的提供主要来自脂肪
空腹
进餐后
禁食
剧烈运动
安静状态
供应机体能量的食物主要来源于
碳水化合物
蛋白质
脂肪
维生素
矿物质
我国人体的能量主要来源于
糖
脂肪
蛋白质
水
以上均是
下述哪种情况机体能量的提供主要来自脂肪
进餐后
空腹
禁食
剧烈运动
安静状态
人体所需要的能量主要来源于食物中三大产能物质糖脂肪蛋白质
正常情况下机体储存的脂肪酸主要来源于
脂肪酸
酮体
生糖氨基酸
葡萄糖
10秒内的大强度运动机体能量供应主要来源于
无氧酵解能系统
磷酸原系统
有氧氧化系统
糖酵解系统
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Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsmobilephone
Text1 Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseems tohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappear onthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th.Tuberculosiswas onceterriblyfashionable.Dyingofconsumptionseemstohavebeenafavorite activityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglected oflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalot ofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealth Organization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwith about3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.Butitreceivesonlyafractionofthe researchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealth forexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.Neverthelesseveryone seemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear.TheGlobalFund aninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbut bestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetits tuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceit openedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorld HealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.Although thenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohave stabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulation itselfisgoingup.Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthe nm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobal Partnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasons whyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistant strainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthe diseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourse oncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDR havetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs. Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmore evolution.TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshipto AIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisno coincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesit weakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondary infections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDS patientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsome anti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasboth diseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125 yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaserious threat.ByreferringtoAIDSinParagraph2theauthorintendstoshow______.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Notmany25-year-oldscanreasonably claimtohavechangedtheworld.TheIBMpersonalcomputerwhichwaslaunched in1981andcelebratesits25thbirthdayinAugustisarareexception.Other personalcomputershadbeenlaunchedbefore;butitwastheIBMPCthatendedup definingthestandardaroundwhichavastnewindustrythencoalesced.IBMthe titanofthecomputingWorldatthetimequicklylostcontrolofitsown creationallowingotherstoreapthebenefits.ButleaveasidewhatthePChas doneforthefortunesofparticularcompaniesandinsteadstepbackand considerwhatthePChasdoneformankind.ThePC’smostobvious achievementhasbeentohelpmakecomputerscheapermorewidelyavailableand moreusefulthaneverbefore.Beforeitappeareddifferentcomputersfrom differentmanufacturersweremostlyincompatiblewitheachother.ThePC’s architecturewasnotperfectbutitsadoptionasanindustrystandardmade possibleeconomiesofscaleinbothhardwareandsoftware.Thisinturnreduced pricesandenabledthePCtodemocratisecomputing.Butalthough thePChasitsmeritsitalsohasitsfaults.Itsflexibilityhasprovedtobe bothastrengthandaweakness:itencouragesinnovationbutatthecostof complexityreliabilityandsecurity.Andforpeopleinthedevelopingworld PCsaretoobulkyexpensiveandenergy-hungry.W.henitcomestoextendingthe benefitsofdigitaltechnology--chieflycheapandeasyaccesstoinformationto everyoneontheplanetthePCmaynotbethebesttoolforthejob. Lookonthestreetsofalmostanycityintheworldhoweverandyouwill seepeopleclutchingtinypocketcomputersbetterknownasmobilephones. Alreadyevenbasichandsetshavesimpleweb-browserscalculatorsandother computingfunctions.Mobilephonesarecheapersimplerandmorereliablethan PCsandmarketforces--inparticularthecombinationofpie-paidbillingplans andmicrocreditschemes--arealreadyputtingthemintothehandsofeventhe world’spoorestpeople.InitiativestospreadPCsinthedevelopingworldin contrastrelyontop-downfundingfromgovernmentsoraidagenciesratherthan bottom-upadoptionbyconsumers.Allkindsoffirmsfromgiants suchasGoogletostart-upssuchasCellBazaarareworkingtobringthefull bellefitsofthewebtomobilephones.ThereisnoquestionthatthePChas democratisedcomputingand-unleashedinnovationbutitisthemobilephonethat nowseemsmostlikelytocarrythedreamofthepersonalcomputertoits conclusion.WhydosetheauthorholdtheopinionthattheIBMpersonalcomputerisarareexception
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.InOldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightbelievesthat______.
Text3 Youcouldsayonthecourttheseare thebestdaysinthehistoryofNBA.Sowhyisn’ttheworldissingingthe praiseoftheNBAWhyisn’ttoday’sNBAoutperformingtheNFLNASCARand MajorLeagueofBaseballMLBallofwhichhavebeenrockedbyscandalslarge andsmalloverthelastfewyearsSimpleBecausetoday’sNBAscaresthewhite people.TheNBAstandsatthedead-centerintersectionoftwo rampantsocialdynamics:theascendancyofhip-hopcultureand21st-centrury marketing’ssworndutytoeasilydefinabledemographicgroup.Breakyourself intogeneralizeddemographicqualities:genderageraceeconomicclass.There isfullrangeofmusicTVshowsmoviesandwebsiteexplicitlydesignedto keepyouwarmandtoastyinyourcomfortzonefreefromsharpedges. TheNBAasitstandstodayhasplentyofsharpedgesandhasaserious imageproblem;morethananyothersports.Foryearswhitesmakeupamajority offanbaseblacksmakeupamajorityofplayers.Andthoseplayershave benefitedfromever-upward-spiralingpaychecksthey’veexercisedtheir influence’toshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirown image.ButtheNBAisstillallaboutimprovisationartistry jazzpoetryonthewaytoandabovetherim.Andwhileweappreciatedthe artistryinandofitselfthefactthatwecan’tdoitputsmanyfansatsome kindsmallbutmeasurableemotionaldistancefromthegame.Forthewhite audiencetheskilldivideonething.Therealwaysbeenplayersthatcoulddo thingstherestofuscouldn’t.What’sfreakingwhiteAmericansoutistheway NBAisembracingeveryelement’ofhip-hopculture--themusicthefashionthe attitudeeverything...ManyeventsstorieshurtNBAcementing itslawless-blacksimageinobservers’minds.Referringtothewordthug that’soperativeinshort-handingthenewNBAcultureasmanyobserversnoted. Thugwasso-optedbyblackculturesometimeduringtheTupacEra.Whenpeople slagNBA’playersasthugit’sgoodbetthey’renottakingaboutAdamMorris orJ.J.Redic.It’sabsolutelyaracialtag.TheNBAmorethan anyothersportsentityhaspotentialtobeabridgebetweenculturesawayto bringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomebestathletesofanycolor.It’s alreadyproducedJordanthemostwidelyknownathleteinhistoryandit’s gaininggroundfastonsoccerastheworld’sbestknownsport.Butit’sfragile indeedwithfansincolorsviewingbasketballasazero-sumgamewhereevery stereotypicallyblackorwhitecultureapparentlyforcesoutit’sethic opposite.Butwithseriousimageproblemsanotherslatfallsoutofthebridge. Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossing over.What’stheauthor’sattitudeaboutNBAasabridge
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text1 Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseems tohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappear onthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th.Tuberculosiswas onceterriblyfashionable.Dyingofconsumptionseemstohavebeenafavorite activityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglected oflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalot ofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealth Organization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwith about3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.Butitreceivesonlyafractionofthe researchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealth forexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.Neverthelesseveryone seemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear.TheGlobalFund aninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbut bestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetits tuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceit openedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorld HealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.Although thenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohave stabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulation itselfisgoingup.Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthe nm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobal Partnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasons whyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistant strainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthe diseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourse oncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDR havetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs. Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmore evolution.TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshipto AIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisno coincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesit weakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondary infections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDS patientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsome anti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasboth diseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125 yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaserious threat.EliLillydevoteditselftoMDR-TBbecause______.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Text3 Youcouldsayonthecourttheseare thebestdaysinthehistoryofNBA.Sowhyisn’ttheworldissingingthe praiseoftheNBAWhyisn’ttoday’sNBAoutperformingtheNFLNASCARand MajorLeagueofBaseballMLBallofwhichhavebeenrockedbyscandalslarge andsmalloverthelastfewyearsSimpleBecausetoday’sNBAscaresthewhite people.TheNBAstandsatthedead-centerintersectionoftwo rampantsocialdynamics:theascendancyofhip-hopcultureand21st-centrury marketing’ssworndutytoeasilydefinabledemographicgroup.Breakyourself intogeneralizeddemographicqualities:genderageraceeconomicclass.There isfullrangeofmusicTVshowsmoviesandwebsiteexplicitlydesignedto keepyouwarmandtoastyinyourcomfortzonefreefromsharpedges. TheNBAasitstandstodayhasplentyofsharpedgesandhasaserious imageproblem;morethananyothersports.Foryearswhitesmakeupamajority offanbaseblacksmakeupamajorityofplayers.Andthoseplayershave benefitedfromever-upward-spiralingpaychecksthey’veexercisedtheir influence’toshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirown image.ButtheNBAisstillallaboutimprovisationartistry jazzpoetryonthewaytoandabovetherim.Andwhileweappreciatedthe artistryinandofitselfthefactthatwecan’tdoitputsmanyfansatsome kindsmallbutmeasurableemotionaldistancefromthegame.Forthewhite audiencetheskilldivideonething.Therealwaysbeenplayersthatcoulddo thingstherestofuscouldn’t.What’sfreakingwhiteAmericansoutistheway NBAisembracingeveryelement’ofhip-hopculture--themusicthefashionthe attitudeeverything...ManyeventsstorieshurtNBAcementing itslawless-blacksimageinobservers’minds.Referringtothewordthug that’soperativeinshort-handingthenewNBAcultureasmanyobserversnoted. Thugwasso-optedbyblackculturesometimeduringtheTupacEra.Whenpeople slagNBA’playersasthugit’sgoodbetthey’renottakingaboutAdamMorris orJ.J.Redic.It’sabsolutelyaracialtag.TheNBAmorethan anyothersportsentityhaspotentialtobeabridgebetweenculturesawayto bringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomebestathletesofanycolor.It’s alreadyproducedJordanthemostwidelyknownathleteinhistoryandit’s gaininggroundfastonsoccerastheworld’sbestknownsport.Butit’sfragile indeedwithfansincolorsviewingbasketballasazero-sumgamewhereevery stereotypicallyblackorwhitecultureapparentlyforcesoutit’sethic opposite.Butwithseriousimageproblemsanotherslatfallsoutofthebridge. Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossing over.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat______.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Text4 WaltDisneycouldhavebuilthis biggestthemeparkanywhere.HechoseFlorida.Theweatherisbalmyandwhenit getstoohottherearelotsofpoolstocooloffinsays.MegCroftonWalt DisneyWorld’sCEO’.Floridaalsooffersplentyofspacetoexpand.Disney Worldwhichwasfirstcarvedoutofwildwoodlandin1971hasswollentofour parkscovering40squaremiles104sqkmandemploying60000castmembers. Contrarytothestereotypeofrapidflowintheservicesectortheaverage full-timeemployeesticksaroundfornineyears.Florida’s businessclimateissunnytoo.TheMilkenInstituteathink-tankin Californiacompilesanindexofbest-performingcitiesinAmericaa compositemeasureofsuchthingsasjobcreationwagegrowthandwhether businessesarethriving.Inthemostrecentindexsixofthetopten metropolitanareasareinFlorida.Orlando-Kissimmeeissixth.And18ofthe top30areintheSouth.ForalongtimetheSouth’sweathergot inthewayofitsdevelopment.RichardPillsburyageographyprofessorat GeorgiaStateUniversitydescribestraditionallifeinthelowlandSoutha regionstretchingfromnorthernVirginiadowntotheGulfcoastofTexas: Smallishbarrenfarmsalmostlostinthewhiteheatofahotandhumidsummer sunastheownersandtheirhelpfoughtswarmsofmosquitoestoplantcultivate andharvestthemeagrecottoncropformarket.Thenair-conditioningcame.As itspreadaftertheWorldWarⅡtheSouthbecamesuddenlymorecomfortableto liveandworkin.Fromthe1940suntilthe1980stheregionboomed.Inhisbook OldSouthNewSouthGavinWrightlistsfourreasonswhyFederaldefence spendingstimulatedgrowth.Sunshineattractedskilledprofessionals.TheSouth havingdevelopedsolittleinthepastwasacleanslatewithoutstrong labourunionsentrenchedbureaucraciesrestrictivelawsoroutdatedmachinery. LastlygivenhowmuchcatchinguptheSouthhadtodothepotentialreturns werehigherthaninthenorth.Southernershaveprosperedin partbyplayingtotheirtraditionalstrengths.Thefameofsouthernhospitality hasbolsteredtheregion’shotelchainssuchasHolidayInn.Thatofsouthern cuisinehelpslocalrestaurantssuchasWaffleHouseCrackerBarrelandKFC. Arkansas-basedWal-Marttheworld’slargestretailerhaskeptcostslowby refusingtorecognizeunions.AndCoca-Colaowesatleastsomeofitssuccessto itssouthernorigins.IncontrasttoDisneyWorldoneofthecharactersintheservicesectoristhat______.
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclever shoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse.Youprobablygo shoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiesto expressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuy organicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuying Fairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompanies andrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthat shoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthe sametime.Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41. Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheir shoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslike politics.Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-made pesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentally friendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyrelianton chemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanbyenvironmentally friendly.Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookit uparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassive scale.42.Organicmethodswhichrelyon croprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarless intensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganically wouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.There wouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest.Fairtradefoodis designedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethan ordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesof agriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43 .Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseas possibletotheconsumerinordertominimisefoodmilesandbyextension carbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfood systemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledby vehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Most peopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfood couldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypacked lorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransport thestuffWhat’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionas wellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenless green.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcourse contradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-country consumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovement lookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfor theenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends. Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffers groundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetitefor changeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughto preservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment.[A] Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmentto encouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--are admirable.[B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencourages farmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoother cropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlythe oppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo.[C]Properfreetrade wouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethe costofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhavean incentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy.[D]Therearegoodreasonsto doubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesofethical food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood.[E]Butfollowingthe greenrevolutionofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripled grainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandunder cultivation.[F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtrade foodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgives richconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviating povertyseemtooeasy.[G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingitto BritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNew Zealandislessenergy-intensive.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione 46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetian revolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodies landscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentator ofthedayVasari.Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustrated bytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibitionBelliniGiorgione TitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPaintingnowshowingattheNational GalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47Whatmadehimandthegenerationof artistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsof culturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwho brieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellas theyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanew conceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmoky contoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark.Overthe subsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofart unfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagden theexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory. WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’s ideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealistic renderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourn therein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscape couldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolic backdropforreligioussubjects.Theresultwasanewstyle fullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetian paintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedby grindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgave artthekissoflife.Giorgioneblazedthetrail.Atop studentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogue forpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthe bestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledat whatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetween paintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrival poetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind. Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedinthe imaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatand thegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjust craftsmen.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Makinggoodcoffeeisnotasimple business.Coffeebushesmustbegrowninshade.Ahillsideisbest--butit mustn’tbetoo1.Afterthreeyearsthebusheswillstart to2bright-redcoffeecherrieswhicharepicked processedto3theinnerpartandspreadouttodryfor days4onconcrete.Theyare5 againtoseparatethebeanwhichneedstorestpreferablyforafewmonths. Onlythencanitberoastedgroundandbrewed6thestuff thatdreamsaresuppressedwith.InMexicoandpartsofCentral America7inColombiamostcoffeefarmersare smallholders.Theyfounditespeciallyhardto8the recentfallinthecoffeeprice.The9oftheirincome makesithardforfarmerstoinvestto10theircropsays FernandoCelis.Thefallforcedmanysmallfarmersto11 othercropsormigratetocities.Forfarmersonewayoutof this12istoseparatethepricetheyarepaid 13theinternationalcommoditiesmarkets.Thisis the14ofFair-tradeanorganizationwhichcertifies productsasresponsiblysourced.Fair-tradedeterminesatwhatpricefarmers makewhatitconsidersa15profit.Itscurrent 16isthattheappropriatefigureis10%abovethemarket price.17salesofFair-trade-certified coffeehaveincreasedfrom$22.5mperyearto$87mperyearsince1998.This isstillatinyfractionoftheoverallworldcoffeetradeworth$10billion 18Butthereareplentyofothermarketsforhigh-quality coffee.Somesmallproducerscan19morebymarketing theircoffeeasorganicorbird-friendlybecauseunlikelargemechanized plantationstheyhave20shade trees.
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclever shoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse.Youprobablygo shoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiesto expressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuy organicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuying Fairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompanies andrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthat shoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthe sametime.Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41. Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheir shoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslike politics.Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-made pesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentally friendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyrelianton chemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanbyenvironmentally friendly.Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookit uparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassive scale.42.Organicmethodswhichrelyon croprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarless intensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganically wouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.There wouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest.Fairtradefoodis designedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethan ordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesof agriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43 .Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseas possibletotheconsumerinordertominimisefoodmilesandbyextension carbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfood systemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledby vehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Most peopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfood couldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypacked lorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransport thestuffWhat’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionas wellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenless green.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcourse contradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-country consumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovement lookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfor theenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends. Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffers groundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetitefor changeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughto preservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment.[A] Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmentto encouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--are admirable.[B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencourages farmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoother cropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlythe oppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo.[C]Properfreetrade wouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethe costofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhavean incentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy.[D]Therearegoodreasonsto doubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesofethical food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood.[E]Butfollowingthe greenrevolutionofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripled grainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandunder cultivation.[F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtrade foodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgives richconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviating povertyseemtooeasy.[G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingitto BritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNew Zealandislessenergy-intensive.
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