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AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 3
DuBoiswasasociologicalandeducationalpioneerwhochallengedtheestablishedsystemofeducationthattendedtorestrictratherthantoadvancetheprogressofblackAmericans.HechallengedwhatiscalledtheTuskegeemachineofBookerT.WashingtontheleadingeducationalspokespersonoftheblacksintheU.S..AsasociologistandhistorianDuBoiscalledforamoredeterminedandactivistleadershipthanWashingtonprovided.UnlikeWashingtonwhoserootswereinsouthernblackagricultureDuBois’scareerspannedbothsidesoftheMason-DixonLine.HewasanativeofMassachusettsreceivedhisundergraduateeducationfromFiskUniversityinNashvilledidhisgraduatestudyatHarvardUniversityanddirectedtheAtlantaUniversityStudiesofBlackAmericanLifeintheSouth.DuBoisapproachedtheproblemofracialrelationsintheUnitedStatesfromtwodimensions:asascholarlyresearcherandasanactivistforcivilrights.AmonghisworkswasthefamousempiricalsociologicalstudyThePhiladelphiaNegro:ASocialStudyinwhichheexaminedthatcity’sblackpopulationandmaderecommendationsfortheschoolsystem.DuBois’sPhiladelphiastudywasthepioneerworkonurbanblacksinAmerica.DuBoishadalongandactivecareerasaleaderinthecivilrightsmovement.HehelpedtoorganizetheNiagaraMovementin1905whichledtotheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleNAACPestablishedin1909.From1910until1934DuBoiseditedTheCrisisthemajorjournaloftheNAACP.IntermsofitseducationalpolicytheNAACPpositionwasthatallAmericanchildrenandyouthshouldhavegenuineequalityofeducationalopportunity.ThispolicywhichDuBoishelpedtoformulatestressedthefollowingthemes:1publicschoolingshouldbefreeandcompulsoryforallAmericanchildren;2secondaryschoolingshouldbeprovidedforallyouth;3highereducationshouldnotbemonopolizedbyanyspecialclassorrace.AsaleaderineducationDuBoischallengednotonlythetraditionofracialsegregationintheschoolsbutalsotheaccommodationistideologyofBookerT.Washington.ThemajordifferencebetweenthetwomenwasthatWashingtonsoughtchangethatwasevolutionaryinnatureanddidnotupsetthesocialorderwhereasDuBoisdemandedimmediatechange.DuBoisbelievedineducatedleadershipforblacksandhedevelopedaconceptreferredtoasthetalentedtenthaccordingtowhich10percentoftheblackpopulationwouldreceiveatraditionalcollegeeducationinpreparationforleadership.WhichofthefollowingismostlikelyDuBois’sbelief
[A]ThepetitionersarguethatrepealingthetaxwillcosttheTreasurybillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuesandwillresultineitherincreasedtaxesinthelongrunorcutstoMedicareSocialSecurityenvironmentalprotectionandothergovernmentprograms.Repealingthelevy"wouldenrichtheheirsofAmerica’smillionairesandbillionaireswhilehurtingfamilieswhostruggletomakeendsmeet"thepetitionsays. [B]About120wealthyAmericanshadsignedorsupportedapetitiontoopposephasingoutthetax.PresidentBushhasincludedtherepealofthetaxinhis$1.6trilliontax-cutproposal.Normallywhen"dozens"ofAmericansjoininapoliticalcauseitisnotparticularlynoteworthybutinthiscasethedozensinclude:GeorgeSorosabillionairefinancier;WarrenBuffettaninvestorlistedasAmerica’sfourth-richestperson;thephilanthropistDavidRockefellerJr.;andWilliamGatesSr.aSeattlelawyerandfatherofAmerica’srichestmanMicrosoftCorp.ChairmanBillGates. [C]Buffettandcompanycitethesefactorsintheirpetitioncallingforoppositiontotheestate-taxrepeal.Theyalsodiscusssomethingthat’sequallyemotionalandfarmorecomplex:theprincipleofmeritocracy.TheideathateveryoneinAmericahasanequalchancethatourfatesarenotdeterminedbyaccidentsofbirthisoneofourcorevalues.Andnowhereisthisprinciplemorereveredthaninthetechnologyeconomy;entrepreneurshipisalmostbydefinitionanexpressionofmeritocracy. [D]BuffetttoldtheTimesthatrepealingtheestatetaxwouldbea"terriblemistake"andtheequivalentof"choosingthe2020Olympicteambypickingtheeldestsonsofthegoldmedalwinnersinthe2000Olympics." [E]Anoldbrokeragecommercialsays:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heearnedit."Therewasaperfectparodyoftheadinwhichthelineread:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heinheritedit."In20or50or100yearswhichoftheselineswillberightBuffettandSorosandfriendstotheircreditwanttohelpmakethefirstonereal.Let’shopethisisonlyonestepinthatprocess. [F]ItwasrefreshingtoseeBuffettandGeorgeSorosandanumberofotherextremelywealthyluminariesstandupinoppositiontoPresidentBush’sproposedrepealoftheestatetax.Whilethepolicyhassomeemotionalattractions—itwouldprotecttheinheritorsofsomesmallbusinessesfromhavingtosellthecompaniestopaytaxesanditistruethatmostpeoplehavebeentaxedontheirsavingsoncealready—inpracticethetaxrepealwouldmainlybeawindfallforaverysmallnumberofveryveryrichpeople. [G]Presidentwillmakehiscaseforhis$1.6trilliontaxcutplandeliveringaspeechatacommunitycenterinSt.Louis.Theproposalwouldslashfederaltaxratesacrossalllevelsofincomeeliminatetheso-calledmarriagepenaltyandphaseoutestatetaxes.Democratscomplainthattheplan—whichwouldcutthetopratefrom39to33percent—woulddisproportionatelybenefitthewealthyandunnecessarilysquanderexpectedbudgetsurpluses.SomeoftherichestAmericansareurgingCongressnottorepealtheestatetaxTheNewYorkTimesreportedonWednesday.Feb.14 Order: 43
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 11
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 13
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 19
Directions: Jordanisoneofyourbusinesspartners.RecentlyhewaspromotedtobetheGeneralManagerofECCCompany.Writealetterto 1congratulatehimonhispromotionand 2expressyourwishtocooperatewithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81.HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquartercenturya46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.KilbydesignedshortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.Hisachievement—theintegration—yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000.47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera.It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetodayRichardK.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday.That’showbroaditsimpactis.ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionhesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyeeinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby.In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor
[A]ThepetitionersarguethatrepealingthetaxwillcosttheTreasurybillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuesandwillresultineitherincreasedtaxesinthelongrunorcutstoMedicareSocialSecurityenvironmentalprotectionandothergovernmentprograms.Repealingthelevy"wouldenrichtheheirsofAmerica’smillionairesandbillionaireswhilehurtingfamilieswhostruggletomakeendsmeet"thepetitionsays. [B]About120wealthyAmericanshadsignedorsupportedapetitiontoopposephasingoutthetax.PresidentBushhasincludedtherepealofthetaxinhis$1.6trilliontax-cutproposal.Normallywhen"dozens"ofAmericansjoininapoliticalcauseitisnotparticularlynoteworthybutinthiscasethedozensinclude:GeorgeSorosabillionairefinancier;WarrenBuffettaninvestorlistedasAmerica’sfourth-richestperson;thephilanthropistDavidRockefellerJr.;andWilliamGatesSr.aSeattlelawyerandfatherofAmerica’srichestmanMicrosoftCorp.ChairmanBillGates. [C]Buffettandcompanycitethesefactorsintheirpetitioncallingforoppositiontotheestate-taxrepeal.Theyalsodiscusssomethingthat’sequallyemotionalandfarmorecomplex:theprincipleofmeritocracy.TheideathateveryoneinAmericahasanequalchancethatourfatesarenotdeterminedbyaccidentsofbirthisoneofourcorevalues.Andnowhereisthisprinciplemorereveredthaninthetechnologyeconomy;entrepreneurshipisalmostbydefinitionanexpressionofmeritocracy. [D]BuffetttoldtheTimesthatrepealingtheestatetaxwouldbea"terriblemistake"andtheequivalentof"choosingthe2020Olympicteambypickingtheeldestsonsofthegoldmedalwinnersinthe2000Olympics." [E]Anoldbrokeragecommercialsays:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heearnedit."Therewasaperfectparodyoftheadinwhichthelineread:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heinheritedit."In20or50or100yearswhichoftheselineswillberightBuffettandSorosandfriendstotheircreditwanttohelpmakethefirstonereal.Let’shopethisisonlyonestepinthatprocess. [F]ItwasrefreshingtoseeBuffettandGeorgeSorosandanumberofotherextremelywealthyluminariesstandupinoppositiontoPresidentBush’sproposedrepealoftheestatetax.Whilethepolicyhassomeemotionalattractions—itwouldprotecttheinheritorsofsomesmallbusinessesfromhavingtosellthecompaniestopaytaxesanditistruethatmostpeoplehavebeentaxedontheirsavingsoncealready—inpracticethetaxrepealwouldmainlybeawindfallforaverysmallnumberofveryveryrichpeople. [G]Presidentwillmakehiscaseforhis$1.6trilliontaxcutplandeliveringaspeechatacommunitycenterinSt.Louis.Theproposalwouldslashfederaltaxratesacrossalllevelsofincomeeliminatetheso-calledmarriagepenaltyandphaseoutestatetaxes.Democratscomplainthattheplan—whichwouldcutthetopratefrom39to33percent—woulddisproportionatelybenefitthewealthyandunnecessarilysquanderexpectedbudgetsurpluses.SomeoftherichestAmericansareurgingCongressnottorepealtheestatetaxTheNewYorkTimesreportedonWednesday.Feb.14 Order: 45
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 15
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 3
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 5
DuBoiswasasociologicalandeducationalpioneerwhochallengedtheestablishedsystemofeducationthattendedtorestrictratherthantoadvancetheprogressofblackAmericans.Hechallengedwhatiscalledthe“Tuskegeemachine”ofBookerT.WashingtontheleadingeducationalspokespersonoftheblacksintheU.S..AsasociologistandhistorianDuBoiscalledforamoredeterminedandactivistleadershipthanWashingtonprovided. UnlikeWashingtonwhoserootswereinsouthernblackagricultureDuBois’scareerspannedbothsidesoftheMason-DixonLine.HewasanativeofMassachusettsreceivedhisundergraduateeducationfromFiskUniversityinNashvilledidhisgraduatestudyatHarvardUniversityanddirectedtheAtlantaUniversityStudiesofBlackAmericanLifeintheSouth.DuBoisapproachedtheproblemofracialrelationsintheUnitedStatesfromtwodimensions:asascholarlyresearcherandasanactivistforcivilrights.AmonghisworkswasthefamousempiricalsociologicalstudyThePhiladelphiaNegro:ASocialStudyinwhichheexaminedthatcity’sblackpopulationandmaderecommendationsfortheschoolsystem.DuBois’sPhiladelphiastudywasthepioneerworkonurbanblacksinAmerica. DuBoishadalongandactivecareerasaleaderinthecivilrightsmovement.HehelpedtoorganizetheNiagaraMovementin1905whichledtotheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleNAACPestablishedin1909.From1910until1934DuBoiseditedTheCrisisthemajorjournaloftheNAACP.IntermsofitseducationalpolicytheNAACPpositionwasthatallAmericanchildrenandyouthshouldhavegenuineequalityofeducationalopportunity.ThispolicywhichDuBoishelpedtoformulatestressedthefollowingthemes:1publicschoolingshouldbefreeandcompulsoryforallAmericanchildren;2secondaryschoolingshouldbeprovidedforallyouth;3highereducationshouldnotbemonopolizedbyanyspecialclassorrace. AsaleaderineducationDuBoischallengednotonlythetraditionofracialsegregationintheschoolsbutalsotheaccommodationistideologyofBookerT.Washington.ThemajordifferencebetweenthetwomenwasthatWashingtonsoughtchangethatwasevolutionaryinnatureanddidnotupsetthesocialorderwhereasDuBoisdemandedimmediatechange.DuBoisbelievedineducatedleadershipforblacksandhedevelopedaconceptreferredtoasthe“talentedtenth”accordingtowhich10percentoftheblackpopulationwouldreceiveatraditionalcollegeeducationinpreparationforleadership. ComparedwithBookerT.WashingtonDuBois’sstancewas
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 7
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 17
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 1
[A]ThepetitionersarguethatrepealingthetaxwillcosttheTreasurybillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuesandwillresultineitherincreasedtaxesinthelongrunorcutstoMedicareSocialSecurityenvironmentalprotectionandothergovernmentprograms.Repealingthelevy"wouldenrichtheheirsofAmerica’smillionairesandbillionaireswhilehurtingfamilieswhostruggletomakeendsmeet"thepetitionsays. [B]About120wealthyAmericanshadsignedorsupportedapetitiontoopposephasingoutthetax.PresidentBushhasincludedtherepealofthetaxinhis$1.6trilliontax-cutproposal.Normallywhen"dozens"ofAmericansjoininapoliticalcauseitisnotparticularlynoteworthybutinthiscasethedozensinclude:GeorgeSorosabillionairefinancier;WarrenBuffettaninvestorlistedasAmerica’sfourth-richestperson;thephilanthropistDavidRockefellerJr.;andWilliamGatesSr.aSeattlelawyerandfatherofAmerica’srichestmanMicrosoftCorp.ChairmanBillGates. [C]Buffettandcompanycitethesefactorsintheirpetitioncallingforoppositiontotheestate-taxrepeal.Theyalsodiscusssomethingthat’sequallyemotionalandfarmorecomplex:theprincipleofmeritocracy.TheideathateveryoneinAmericahasanequalchancethatourfatesarenotdeterminedbyaccidentsofbirthisoneofourcorevalues.Andnowhereisthisprinciplemorereveredthaninthetechnologyeconomy;entrepreneurshipisalmostbydefinitionanexpressionofmeritocracy. [D]BuffetttoldtheTimesthatrepealingtheestatetaxwouldbea"terriblemistake"andtheequivalentof"choosingthe2020Olympicteambypickingtheeldestsonsofthegoldmedalwinnersinthe2000Olympics." [E]Anoldbrokeragecommercialsays:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heearnedit."Therewasaperfectparodyoftheadinwhichthelineread:"Hemadehismoneytheold-fashionedway:Heinheritedit."In20or50or100yearswhichoftheselineswillberightBuffettandSorosandfriendstotheircreditwanttohelpmakethefirstonereal.Let’shopethisisonlyonestepinthatprocess. [F]ItwasrefreshingtoseeBuffettandGeorgeSorosandanumberofotherextremelywealthyluminariesstandupinoppositiontoPresidentBush’sproposedrepealoftheestatetax.Whilethepolicyhassomeemotionalattractions—itwouldprotecttheinheritorsofsomesmallbusinessesfromhavingtosellthecompaniestopaytaxesanditistruethatmostpeoplehavebeentaxedontheirsavingsoncealready—inpracticethetaxrepealwouldmainlybeawindfallforaverysmallnumberofveryveryrichpeople. [G]Presidentwillmakehiscaseforhis$1.6trilliontaxcutplandeliveringaspeechatacommunitycenterinSt.Louis.Theproposalwouldslashfederaltaxratesacrossalllevelsofincomeeliminatetheso-calledmarriagepenaltyandphaseoutestatetaxes.Democratscomplainthattheplan—whichwouldcutthetopratefrom39to33percent—woulddisproportionatelybenefitthewealthyandunnecessarilysquanderexpectedbudgetsurpluses.SomeoftherichestAmericansareurgingCongressnottorepealtheestatetaxTheNewYorkTimesreportedonWednesday.Feb.14 Order: 41
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 1
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.AccordingtothetextthefortuneofsuchworksasMr.Souza’scanexertaninfluenceon______.
DostudentslearnfromprogrammedinstructionTheresearchleavesusinnodoubtofthis.Theydoindeedlearn.46.Manykindsofstudentslearn--collegehighschoolsecondaryprimarypreschooladultprofessionalskilledlaborclericalemployeesmilitarydeafretardedimprisoned-everykindofstudentsthatprogramshavebeentriedon.UsingprogramsthesestudentsareabletolearnmathematicsandscienceatdifferentlevelsforeignlanguagesEnglishlanguagecorrectnessspellingelectronicscomputersciencepsychologystatisticsbusinessskillsreadingskillsinstrumentflyingrulesandmanyothersubjects;thelimitsofthetopicswhichcanbestudiedefficientlybymeansofprogramsarenotyetknown.Foreachofthekindsofsubjectmatterandthekindsofstudentmentionedaboveexperimentshavedemonstratedthataconsiderableamountoflearningcanbederivedfromprograms;thislearninghasbeenmeasuredeitherbycomparingpre-andpost-testsorthetimeandtrialsneededtoreachasetcriterionofperformance.47.Butthequestionhowwelldostudentslearnfromprogramsascomparedtohowwelltheylearnfromotherkindsofinstructionwecannotanswerquiteconfidently.Experimentalpsychologiststypicallydonottakeveryseriouslytheevaluativeexperimentsinwhichlearningfromprogramsiscomparedwithlearningfromconventionalteaching.Suchexperimentsaredoubtlesslyusefultheysayforschooladministratorsorteacherstoprovetothemselvesortheirboardsofeducationthatprogramswork.48.ButwhereasonecandescribefairlywellthecharacteristicsofaprogramcanonedescribethecharacteristicsofaclassroomteachingsituationsothattheresultofthecomparisonwillhaveanygeneralityWhatkindofteacherisbeingcomparedtowhatkindofprogramFurthermoretheseearlyevaluativeexperimentswithprogramsarelikelytosufferfromtheHawthorneeffect;thatistosaystudentsareinthespotlightwhentestingsomethingnewandarechallengedtodowell.49.Itisveryhardtomakeallowanceforthiseffect;thereforetheevaluativetestsmaybeusefuladministrativelysaymanyoftheexperimentsbutdonotcontributemuchtoscienceandshouldproperlybekeptforprivateuse.Theseobjectionsarewelltaken.AndyetdotheyjustifyusinignoringtheevaluativestudiesThegreatstrengthofaprogramisthatitpermitsthestudenttolearnefficientlybyhimself.50.IsitnotthereforeimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofskillsconceptsinsightsorattitudeshecanlearnbyhimselffromaprogramascomparedtowhathecanlearnfromateacherAdmittedlythisisaverydifficultandcomplexresearchproblembutthatshouldnotkeepusfromtryingtosolveit.
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentifiedstrongraysofsunshine.WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.MurdochdeclaredlastmonththattherearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket.Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim.Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter.Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter.Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectstheupfrontmarketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentifiedstrongraysofsunshine.WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.MurdochdeclaredlastmonththattherearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket.Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim.Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter.Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter.Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectstheupfrontmarketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear.Whatistheauthor’sviewoftheprospectofUSadvertisingmarket
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81.HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquartercenturya46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.KilbydesignedshortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.Hisachievement—theintegration—yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000.47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera.It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetodayRichardK.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday.That’showbroaditsimpactis.ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionhesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyeeinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby.In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. WhichofthefollowingdoestheLabormarketproblemsreferto
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.Accordingtothethirdparagraphtheexpensiveartcanbeseenasanidealmeansof______.
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipis
WritealettertoChinaTelecomtoshowyourpuzzleaboutyourtelephonefeesinthepastmonth.Inthedescriptionyoushouldincludethefollowingitems: 1whatisyourpuzzleaboutthetelephonebills 2yourexplanationsand 3yourinquiries.
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 9
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentifiedstrongraysofsunshine.WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.MurdochdeclaredlastmonththattherearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket.Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim.Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter.Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter.Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectstheupfrontmarketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglassesPara.1
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