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肺主通调水道的功能主要依赖于（）
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肺的通调水道功能依赖于
肺主气
肺主呼吸
肺朝百脉
肺主宣发肃降
肺主皮毛
肺的通调水道功能依赖于
肺主气
肺主呼吸
肺朝百脉
肺主宣发肃降
肺主通调水道的功能主要依赖于
肺主一身之气
肺呼吸
肺输精于皮毛
肺朝百脉
肺主宣发和肃降
肺的通调水道功能依赖于
肺主气
肺主呼吸
肺朝百脉
肺主宜发肃降
肺为通调水道主要依赖于肺主一身之气
肺主通调水道主要依赖于肺的哪项功能
主呼吸之气
主一身之气
主治节
朝百脉
主宣发肃降
肺的通调水道功能主要依赖于
肺主一身之气肺司呼吸
肺输精于皮毛肺朝百脉
肺主宣发与肃降
肺主通调水道的功能主要依赖于
肺主—身之气
肺司呼吸
肺输精于皮毛
肺朝百脉
肺主宣发和肃降
肺的通调水道功能主要依赖于
主气
司呼吸
朝百脉
主宣发肃降
输精于皮毛
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ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat____________.
材料1 利比亚2003年保证放弃其非常规武器计划布什说现在没有人能够怀疑美国的话由于美国的领导作用和决心世界正在变得更好 ——摘自2004年1月20日法新社会华盛顿电 材料2 伊拉克问题加剧了关于联合国未来在国际政治中发挥什么作用这一问题的争论在伊拉克战争爆发前和战后有些人想把对联合国作用的批评引向深入为什么要赋予一个多数成员国都不是民主国家的组织来决定作用武力打击__者的合法性权力如果以美国为首的一个民主国家联盟采取这种行动其合法性难道就得不到很好的保证 ——摘自2003年德国外交学会国际政治季刊夏季号 根据上述材料分析冷战后美国全球战略与联合国地位作用之间的关系
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Wecaninferfromtheselectionthat
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’’s
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections BytheproseofdemocracyPar.1theauthormostprobablymeansits
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Thereseemstobegrowingawarenessof
党的十六届四中全会提出以加强党的执政能力建设为重点全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程 请试析加强党的执政能力建设提高党的领导水平和执政水平的理论依据客观依据主要任务和重要意义并根据实际说明应该怎样加强党的执政能力建设
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Accordingtothetextalltypesofgovernmentsbelievethatthe
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. ThewordTrafficinPar.1mostprobablymeans
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’’swordsto
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. awell-knownhumanist.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
经济运行中通货紧缩一般表现为
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
材料1 美国是如此强大以至于没有任何国家能抗衡我们的军事实力因此我们可以想干什么就干什么别人除了跟着我们走没有别的选择 ——摘自2004年4月8日美国新闻周刊网站 材料2 不出几年中国就会成为世界上经济规模最大的国家而且它正朝着一个令人生畏的军事大国的方向前进中国是一个未得到满足的雄心勃勃的大国它的目标是支配亚洲其办法不是入侵和占领邻国而是使自己远比邻国强大从而使东亚发生的一切都必须至少得到中国的默许 ——摘自即将到来的美中冲突 根据中国对外政策的宗旨及处理同家问关系的基本准则中国未来会在亚洲及世界称霸吗会对其他国家构成威胁吗
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