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根据四季的季度数据计算的季节指数之和一定等于______。
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[中国光大银行]据四季的季度数据计算的季节指数之和一定等于
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. AccordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutinfluenza
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
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Morethanacenturyagotherelationshipbetweenglacialiceandtheamountofwaterintheoceanbasinswasfirstseen.Whenthegreaticesheetcoveredvastlandareasthesealevelwasloweredbecausethenormalreturnofwaterfromlandtotheoceanwasreduced.AsaresultthesealevelroseasIceAgeglaciersmeltedallowingthemeltedwaterstoflowintotheocean.Ifalltheglacialiceonthesurfaceoftheearthtodayshouldmeltthesealevelmightrisebymorethan150feet.Shorelinevariationsarealsoproducedthroughelevationordepressionoftheland.Duringtimesofglacierformationsthegreatweightoftheiceslowlydepressedtheearth’scrust.Removaloftheweightthroughglaciermeltingallowedtheslowreturnofthecrusttoitsformerposition.ChangesintheGreatIceclimatesfromcoolandwettowarmanddryproducedclimatechangesfarfromtheglaciatedarea.Forexampleattimesofcool-wetglacialclimateslevelsofinlandlakesroseincontrasttothedepressionofsealevel.Duringthewarm-dryinterglacialclimateslakelevelswerelowered.TheancientlakeBonnevillelargestoftheglaciallakesinWesternUnitedStatesoncecoveredmorethan20000squaremiles.Ithadamaximumdepthofmorethan1000feet.GreatSaltLakeinUtahistheshrunkenremnantofthisoncelargelake. AlthoughthefirsttimethatearlymanwalkedontheearthisuncertainheislargelyaproductoftheGreatIceAge.Presentinformationshowsthatduringthistimeheevolvedrapidlybothphysicallyandculturally.HismostprimitivetoolsandskeletalremainshavebeenfoundinsomeoftheoldestdepositscontemporarywiththeGreatIceAgeinAfricaAsiaandEurope.Theseareoftenassociatedwithremainsofextinctanimals.WiththedisappearanceofthegreaticesheetstheBronzeandIronAgeculturesevolved.Aboutthistimemanyanimalssuitedtocoolerclimatesdied. AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge. ThebestsourceofinformationabouttheGreatIceAgeisobtainedfrom
Ifthesalinityofoceanwaterisanalyzeditisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Neverthelesssomeofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation—conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismannerthesalinityisincreasedsincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextremeofcoursewhitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind;thisbythewayishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained. Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitationsuchasrainbywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff. Normallyintropicalregionswherethesunisverystrongtheoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarlyincoastalregionswhereriversdilutetheseasalinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas. Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozenthedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismannerseawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcoursewhenthisicemeltsitwelltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater. IntheWeddellSeaoffAntarcticathedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocesswhichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsofoceansoftheworld. Whatdoesthewordsubtractioninthefourthlineofthefirstparagraphmean
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthenursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalsmentionedintheparagraph
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Morethanacenturyagotherelationshipbetweenglacialiceandtheamountofwaterintheoceanbasinswasfirstseen.Whenthegreaticesheetcoveredvastlandareasthesealevelwasloweredbecausethenormalreturnofwaterfromlandtotheoceanwasreduced.AsaresultthesealevelroseasIceAgeglaciersmeltedallowingthemeltedwaterstoflowintotheocean.Ifalltheglacialiceonthesurfaceoftheearthtodayshouldmeltthesealevelmightrisebymorethan150feet.Shorelinevariationsarealsoproducedthroughelevationordepressionoftheland.Duringtimesofglacierformationsthegreatweightoftheiceslowlydepressedtheearth’scrust.Removaloftheweightthroughglaciermeltingallowedtheslowreturnofthecrusttoitsformerposition.ChangesintheGreatIceclimatesfromcoolandwettowarmanddryproducedclimatechangesfarfromtheglaciatedarea.Forexampleattimesofcool-wetglacialclimateslevelsofinlandlakesroseincontrasttothedepressionofsealevel.Duringthewarm-dryinterglacialclimateslakelevelswerelowered.TheancientlakeBonnevillelargestoftheglaciallakesinWesternUnitedStatesoncecoveredmorethan20000squaremiles.Ithadamaximumdepthofmorethan1000feet.GreatSaltLakeinUtahistheshrunkenremnantofthisoncelargelake. AlthoughthefirsttimethatearlymanwalkedontheearthisuncertainheislargelyaproductoftheGreatIceAge.Presentinformationshowsthatduringthistimeheevolvedrapidlybothphysicallyandculturally.HismostprimitivetoolsandskeletalremainshavebeenfoundinsomeoftheoldestdepositscontemporarywiththeGreatIceAgeinAfricaAsiaandEurope.Theseareoftenassociatedwithremainsofextinctanimals.WiththedisappearanceofthegreaticesheetstheBronzeandIronAgeculturesevolved.Aboutthistimemanyanimalssuitedtocoolerclimatesdied. AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge. WhichofthefollowingisNOTimpliedinthepassage
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Ifthesalinityofoceanwaterisanalyzeditisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Neverthelesssomeofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation—conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismannerthesalinityisincreasedsincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextremeofcoursewhitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind;thisbythewayishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained. Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitationsuchasrainbywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff. Normallyintropicalregionswherethesunisverystrongtheoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarlyincoastalregionswhereriversdilutetheseasalinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas. Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozenthedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismannerseawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcoursewhenthisicemeltsitwelltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater. IntheWeddellSeaoffAntarcticathedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocesswhichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsofoceansoftheworld. Accordingtotheauthortheoceanicsalinityisusuallylowerin
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. Whichofthefollowingisthemostdangerousvirusaccordingtothepassage
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatinsometraditionalsocieties
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasafactorcontributingtotheextenttowhichavirusspreads
Morethanacenturyagotherelationshipbetweenglacialiceandtheamountofwaterintheoceanbasinswasfirstseen.Whenthegreaticesheetcoveredvastlandareasthesealevelwasloweredbecausethenormalreturnofwaterfromlandtotheoceanwasreduced.AsaresultthesealevelroseasIceAgeglaciersmeltedallowingthemeltedwaterstoflowintotheocean.Ifalltheglacialiceonthesurfaceoftheearthtodayshouldmeltthesealevelmightrisebymorethan150feet.Shorelinevariationsarealsoproducedthroughelevationordepressionoftheland.Duringtimesofglacierformationsthegreatweightoftheiceslowlydepressedtheearth’scrust.Removaloftheweightthroughglaciermeltingallowedtheslowreturnofthecrusttoitsformerposition.ChangesintheGreatIceclimatesfromcoolandwettowarmanddryproducedclimatechangesfarfromtheglaciatedarea.Forexampleattimesofcool-wetglacialclimateslevelsofinlandlakesroseincontrasttothedepressionofsealevel.Duringthewarm-dryinterglacialclimateslakelevelswerelowered.TheancientlakeBonnevillelargestoftheglaciallakesinWesternUnitedStatesoncecoveredmorethan20000squaremiles.Ithadamaximumdepthofmorethan1000feet.GreatSaltLakeinUtahistheshrunkenremnantofthisoncelargelake. AlthoughthefirsttimethatearlymanwalkedontheearthisuncertainheislargelyaproductoftheGreatIceAge.Presentinformationshowsthatduringthistimeheevolvedrapidlybothphysicallyandculturally.HismostprimitivetoolsandskeletalremainshavebeenfoundinsomeoftheoldestdepositscontemporarywiththeGreatIceAgeinAfricaAsiaandEurope.Theseareoftenassociatedwithremainsofextinctanimals.WiththedisappearanceofthegreaticesheetstheBronzeandIronAgeculturesevolved.Aboutthistimemanyanimalssuitedtocoolerclimatesdied. AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge. WhydoestheauthorcitetheexampleoftheGreatSaltLakeinUtah
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