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Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied...
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Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.Whichoffollowingtendstowarmtheclimate
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.1
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./Globalwarmingissomething
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 19
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 11
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 1
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 15
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 3
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 7
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 41
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.AccordingtoDr.Weissthesecondcoolanddryperiodeventually
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 45
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 43
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 5
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 17
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ThephrasecapitalisingonLine2Para.1canbesubstitutedby
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome.
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 13
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 9
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ITdirectorsfeelcomfortablebecause
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequentflightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunabletodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaredisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTomBurkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmayforevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsarefrequent[yupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.TheairlinesmaybesatisfiediftheTSAcan
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./TheviewsofPielkeandDr.Wigleyonhowtofaceglobalwarmingare
Directions:Beforeyouleaveuniversityyouwanttosellyourcomputer.Writeanoteofabout100words:1describingtheconditionofyourcomputer;2howmuchyouwouldlikeforitand;3whereyoucanbecontacted.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequentflightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunabletodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaredisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTomBurkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmayforevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsarefrequent[yupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.Thenumberofnamesontheno-flylistincreasesrapidlyfrom16to20000mostprobablybecause
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequentflightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunabletodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaredisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTomBurkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmayforevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsarefrequent[yupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.TheattitudesofFBIandBurketowardsthereliabilityoftheno-flylistare
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