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[A] Storytellers from antiquity knew the power of star-crossed romance, and so did Audrey Niffenegge...
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Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 15
AnydaynowthefederalDepartmentofEducationwillformallyproposenewregulationsthatwouldcutofffederalaidtofor-profitcollegeswhosegraduatescannotearnenoughtorepaytheirstudentloans. Theregulationsknownasthe"gainfulemployment"rulesareanefforttoreininthehighdebtloadsstudentstakeonwhentheyenrollinfor-profitcollegesthatoffercertificatesordegreesinfieldslikenursingorculinaryarts.Studentsatfor-profitcollegesaremuchmorelikelythanotherstodefaultontheirloans.UndertheregulationsadraftofwhichcameoutinFebruaryfor-profitcollegeswouldnotbeeligibletoreceivefederalstudentaidiftheirgraduates’debtloadwastoohightoberepaidover10yearswith8percentoftheirstartingsalary. TheCareerCollegeAssociationwhichrepresents1450for-profitcollegesislobbyingfiercelyagainsttheregulationswhichitarguesarewrong-headedunnecessaryandlikelytorestrictneedystudents’accesstovocationaltrainingandhighereducation.Withsomanycommunitycollegesovercrowdedthefor-profitcollegessaytheirprogramsrepresentthenation’sbesthopefortrainingmuch-neededhealthcareworkersandtechnicians. ArneDuncantheSecretaryofEducationhasavoideddemonizingthefor-profitschools.InaMayspeechhesaidthatdespitea"fewbadapples"for-profitcollegesplayavitalroleinhelpingthenationreachtheObamaadministration’sgoalofhavingtheworld’sbest-educatedworkforceby2020.Advocacygroupsrepresentingstudentsandconsumersarelessdiplomatic."Theseprogramsover-promiseunderdeliverandloadvulnerablestudentsupwithwaytoomuchdebt"saidChrisLindstromhighereducationprogramdirectorattheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGrouppartofacoalitionofeducationconsumerstudentandpublicinterestgroupssupportingtheregulations.In2007coalitionmemberssaidstudentsatfor-profitcollegesmadeuponly7percentofthoseinhighereducationhut44percentofthosedefaultingonfederalstudentloans.AddingnewfueltothefirewasarecentpresentationataNewYorkconferenceforinvestorsbyStevenEismanahedge-fundmanagerknownforhavinganticipatedthehousingmarketcrash.Mr.EismanwhoseearlyawarenessofstructuralproblemsinthehousingmarketisdescribedinMichaelLewis’sbestsellerTheBigShortsaidthefor-profiteducationindustrylikethesubprimemortgageindustryhasrestedontheproliferationofloanstolow-incomepeoplewhowouldnotbeabletorepaythem. Federallawhaslongsaidthatfederalstudentaidcangoonlytofor-profitcollegesthat"preparestudentforgainfulemploymentinarecognizedoccupation."Butthisisthegovernment’sfirstefforttodefine"gainfulemployment"inrelationtograduates’debt-to-incomeloads."Witharecordnumberofstudentsattendingprogramsthataresubjecttothisrequirementandarecordamountoftaxpayermoneybeingusedtoenablethemtoattendit’smoreimportantthanevertomakesurethey’regettingtheirmoney’sworth"saidPaulineAbernathyvicepresidentoftheInstituteforCollegeAccessandSuccess. Facedwithcutsinfederalaid
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 43
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast--bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"--"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie--creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners--nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind--notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy--man. Paragraph2iswritteninthepassage
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthatmightisright.43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.[A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.[B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.[C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.[D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.[E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.[F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.[G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad.
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterforhis
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 41
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 7
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 9
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.ThatmayseemlikebadnewssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereservehypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal.EveryonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood.ThereishoweveraremarkablerangeofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood.IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
46Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.ThatmayseemlikebadnewssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereservehypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal.EveryonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood.ThereishoweveraremarkablerangeofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood.IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77milliliters11morecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthatmightisright.43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.[A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.[B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.[C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.[D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.[E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.[F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.[G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad.
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear. "Everyyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregion"Omisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41"WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsociety"hesaid."42""Onecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacency"Omiadded."43" WHOsaidamongthe"highburdenhighrisk"countriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand"10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime."InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear."InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblem"WHOsaid.45. Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010. [A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker. [B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996. [C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions. [D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture. [E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent. [F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath. [G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005. 45
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 13
AnydaynowthefederalDepartmentofEducationwillformallyproposenewregulationsthatwouldcutofffederalaidtofor-profitcollegeswhosegraduatescannotearnenoughtorepaytheirstudentloans. Theregulationsknownasthe"gainfulemployment"rulesareanefforttoreininthehighdebtloadsstudentstakeonwhentheyenrollinfor-profitcollegesthatoffercertificatesordegreesinfieldslikenursingorculinaryarts.Studentsatfor-profitcollegesaremuchmorelikelythanotherstodefaultontheirloans.UndertheregulationsadraftofwhichcameoutinFebruaryfor-profitcollegeswouldnotbeeligibletoreceivefederalstudentaidiftheirgraduates’debtloadwastoohightoberepaidover10yearswith8percentoftheirstartingsalary. TheCareerCollegeAssociationwhichrepresents1450for-profitcollegesislobbyingfiercelyagainsttheregulationswhichitarguesarewrong-headedunnecessaryandlikelytorestrictneedystudents’accesstovocationaltrainingandhighereducation.Withsomanycommunitycollegesovercrowdedthefor-profitcollegessaytheirprogramsrepresentthenation’sbesthopefortrainingmuch-neededhealthcareworkersandtechnicians. ArneDuncantheSecretaryofEducationhasavoideddemonizingthefor-profitschools.InaMayspeechhesaidthatdespitea"fewbadapples"for-profitcollegesplayavitalroleinhelpingthenationreachtheObamaadministration’sgoalofhavingtheworld’sbest-educatedworkforceby2020.Advocacygroupsrepresentingstudentsandconsumersarelessdiplomatic."Theseprogramsover-promiseunderdeliverandloadvulnerablestudentsupwithwaytoomuchdebt"saidChrisLindstromhighereducationprogramdirectorattheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGrouppartofacoalitionofeducationconsumerstudentandpublicinterestgroupssupportingtheregulations.In2007coalitionmemberssaidstudentsatfor-profitcollegesmadeuponly7percentofthoseinhighereducationhut44percentofthosedefaultingonfederalstudentloans.AddingnewfueltothefirewasarecentpresentationataNewYorkconferenceforinvestorsbyStevenEismanahedge-fundmanagerknownforhavinganticipatedthehousingmarketcrash.Mr.EismanwhoseearlyawarenessofstructuralproblemsinthehousingmarketisdescribedinMichaelLewis’sbestsellerTheBigShortsaidthefor-profiteducationindustrylikethesubprimemortgageindustryhasrestedontheproliferationofloanstolow-incomepeoplewhowouldnotbeabletorepaythem. Federallawhaslongsaidthatfederalstudentaidcangoonlytofor-profitcollegesthat"preparestudentforgainfulemploymentinarecognizedoccupation."Butthisisthegovernment’sfirstefforttodefine"gainfulemployment"inrelationtograduates’debt-to-incomeloads."Witharecordnumberofstudentsattendingprogramsthataresubjecttothisrequirementandarecordamountoftaxpayermoneybeingusedtoenablethemtoattendit’smoreimportantthanevertomakesurethey’regettingtheirmoney’sworth"saidPaulineAbernathyvicepresidentoftheInstituteforCollegeAccessandSuccess. Supportersofthenewregulationaccusefor-profitcollegesof
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 3
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast--bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"--"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie--creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners--nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind--notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy--man. Whichofthefollowingrecommendationsmightbemadebytheauthor
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli’sproductsare
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 11
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 1
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast--bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"--"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie--creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners--nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind--notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy--man. Inparagraph3whichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasareasonforareductionindeathrates
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 5
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 19
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBotticelli’srepresentationskills
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthatmightisright.43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.[A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.[B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.[C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.[D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.[E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.[F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.[G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad.
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. 17
Directions: Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversity.Writealetterofapplicationtoaskforsomematerials.Writetotellthem 1youreducationalbackgroundand 2whatmajoryouwanttostudy. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronicbulletinboardswhereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests
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