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痿证属肺热津伤者除选主穴外还可配用( )
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TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 44
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FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. ThewordgrumbleLine1Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Whichofthefollowingcan’tweinferaccordingtotheauthor
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. TherecouldbenorealcattlemeninMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightbecause
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 42
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbyaleapinthoughtisparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.
阅读下列材料 材料1 用更宽广的胸襟相互包容实现和谐共处不同文明交流借鉴兼容并蓄是社会进步的不竭动力国家不分大小强弱贫富一律平等我们应该承认各国文化传统社会制度价值观念的差异尊重各国自主选择发展道路的权利积极促进和保障人权加强对话消除隔阂倡导开放包容精神使不同文明和发展模式在竞争比较中取长补短在求同存异中共同发展 ——____在第64届联合国大会一般性辩论中的讲话 材料2 埃及外交事务理事会__阿布杜勒—拉鸟夫•里迪日前在接受新华社记者专访时说非中关系2006年实现了前所未有的快速发展很多非洲国家把中国看成是可以效仿的榜样 里迪说非中关系已从上个世纪50年代至80年代在政治外交领域的相互支持进一步拓展到经贸科技等领域而2006年非中关系更是实现了前所未有的快速发展中非合作论坛北京峰会对双方友好关系发展具有里程碑式的意义包括埃及在内的非洲国家对这次峰会非常重视他说非洲各国都面临着发展经济的挑战很多非洲国家把中国看成是可以效仿的榜样 对于有些西方媒体渲染的所谓中国在非洲推行“新殖民主义”里迪表示西方媒体的说法毫无根据中国一直尊重非洲国家致力于发展对非关系并进一步加强了非中经贸合作关系中国政府一直强调平等互利强调共赢他说确保非洲国家从非中友好合作关系中受益就能有力地反击西方媒体无端的批评和指责非洲各国根本无需理会西方媒体的这些言论应该继续积极发展与中国在各个领域的合作 摘自人民日报2006年12月19日 材料3 中国常驻联合国代表张业遂23日呼吁东帝汶各派以国家和人民利益为重抓住当前恢复和平实现发展的有利时机带领人民集中精力推进国家和平重建进程 张业遂当天在联合国安理会就东帝汶问题举行的公开辩论会上发言说东帝汶实现长治久安需要大力发展经济改善民生中方注意到尽管东帝汶经济增长势头良好但局势仍很脆弱贫困和高失业率等问题可能影响东帝汶的稳定和发展在当前条件下东帝汶政府在继续加强社会稳定的同时应将发展重点放在基础设施建设和人力资源能力建设上着力发展经济提高民众就业率从根本上消除社会不稳定因素国际社会也应继续提供各类援助加速东帝汶和平重建进程 张业遂说中国和东帝汶都是亚太大家庭成员中方一直高度关注东帝汶的局势发展支持东帝汶实现和平稳定和发展日前中国____在会见东帝汶__沙纳纳时宣布中方将向东帝汶提供3000万元人民币无偿援助我们愿在力所能及的范围内继续向东帝汶提供帮助 摘自新华网 结合材料回答问题 1结合材料1及所学知识说明中国作为国际社会的一员选择的是什么样的发展道路为什么要走这样的发展道路 2结合材料23分析中国外交战略思想具有哪些针对性和创新意义
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
阅读下列材料 材料1 拥护那德先生便不得不反对孔教礼法贞节旧伦理旧政治要那赛先生便不得不反对旧艺术旧zōng jiāo 要拥护德先生又要拥护赛先生便不得不反对国粹和旧文宇 ——陈独秀新青年六卷一号 材料2 自北京大学学生发动五四运动以来一般爱国青年无不以革命思想为将来新事业之预备于是蓬蓬勃勃发抒言论国内各界舆论一致提倡各种新出版物为热心青年所举办者纷纷应时而出扬葩吐艳各极其致社会遂蒙绝大之影响虽以顽劣之伪政府犹且不敢撄其锋推原其始不过由于出版界之一二觉悟者从事提倡遂至舆论放大异彩__弥漫全国人皆激发天良誓死为爱国之运动 ——孙中山关于五四运动1920年1月 材料3 在二十年前的令天由学生们参加历史上叫五四运动的大事件在中国发生了这是一个有重大意义的运动“五四”以来中国青年们……起了某种先锋队作用……但是 光靠这个方面军是不够的光靠了它是不能大胜敌人的因为它还不是主力军主力军是谁呢就是工农大众中国的知识青年们和学生青年们一定要到工农群众中去把占全国人口百分之九十的工农大众动员起来组织起来没有工农这个主力军单靠知识青年和学生青年这支军队要达到反帝反封建的胜利是做不到的 ——__青年运动的方向1939年5月 材料4 “根本”解决这个话很容易使人闲却了现在不去努力这实在是一个危险但这也不可一概而论……恐怕必须有一个根本解决才有把一个一个的具体问题都解决了的希望我们应该承认遇着危机因着情形或须取一个根本解决的方法而在根本方法解决以前还须有相当的准备活动才是 ——李大钊再论问题和主义1919年8月 根据材料回答问题 1结合材料以及所学知识简述新文化运动在五四运动前后的变化 2材料4中李大钊所谓的“根本解决”是指什么他为什么要在这时倡导“根本解决”
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. MelissaMahan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
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