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__提出，中国__人能够跳出中国历史上所谓的历史周期律，这条新路子是指
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1945年谁在延安向__提出了中国__如何跳出历史周期律的问题__回
中国__的诞生是中国历史上开天辟地的大事自从有了中国__中国革命的面貌就焕然一新了今年是中国共产
90周年
92周年
95周年
97周年
早在民主革命时期__就强调跳出中国历史上历代封建王朝兴衰周期律的新路是用
整风的方法
整党的方法
民主的办法
教育的方法
关于红军长征胜利的伟大意义下列表述不正确的是
红军长征的胜利，是中国__人理想的胜利，是中国__人信念的胜利
红军长征的胜利，是中国历史上“开天辟地的大事变”，从此，中国革命的面貌就焕然一新了
红军长征的胜利，实现了在追求真理、坚持真理的基础上全党的空前团结，红军的空前团结
红军长征的胜利，宣传了我们党的主张，播撒下革命的火种，扩大了党和红军的影响，巩固了党同人民群众的血肉联系，使党牢牢扎根在人民之中
中国历史上开天辟地的大事是指
五四运动
中国__成立
南昌起义
辛亥革命
中国__的成立是中国历史上开天辟地的大事变自 从有了中国__中国革命面目就焕然一新了
早在民主革命时期__在回答民主人士黄炎培提出的中国__如何跳出历史上历代封建王朝其兴也勃焉其亡也
整风的方法
整党的方法
民主的办法
教育的方法
中国__诞生于年这是中国历史上开天辟地的大事
1921 年
1919 年
1927 年
1949 年
中国__的成立是中国历史上开天辟地的大事在她成立的大会上被选举为中央局书记的是
陈独秀
李大钊
__
董必武
1945年黄炎培先生访问延安在同__讨论中国__如何跳出历史兴亡周期律问题时__的回答是我们已
1945年7月__和黄炎培谈到中国__如何跳出历史周期率的问题时明确表示了__要走的新路来跳出
民主人士黄炎培曾向__提出中国__人能否跳出中国历史上历代封建王朝其兴也勃焉其亡也忽焉的周期律问
人民自由建设
人民民主建设
人民专政建设
人民思想建设
__提出中国__人能够跳出中国历史上历代王朝其兴也勃焉其亡也忽焉周期律的新路子是指
发扬民主，让人民来监督政府
实行中国__领导的多党制
实行改革开放
加强党的建设
中国__的成立是中国历史上开天辟地的大事在她成立的大会上被选举为中央局书记的是
陈独秀
李大钊
__
董必武
请仔细阅读下列材料回答问题材料一中国__的诞生是中国历史上开天辟地的大事自从有了中国__中国革命
中国__不仅代表工人阶级的利益还代表着整个中华民族的利益中国历史上开天辟地的大事是指
__提出中国__人能够跳出中国历史上历代王朝其兴也勃焉其亡也忽焉的周期律的新路子是指
发扬民主，让人民来监督政府
实行中国__领导的多党合作制
加强法制建设
加强__自身建设
关于红军长征胜利的伟大意义下列表述不正确的是[2017真题]
红军长征的胜利，是中国__人理想的胜利，是中国__人信念的胜利
红军长征的胜利，是中国历史上“开天辟地的大事变”，从此，中国革命的面貌就焕然一新了
红军长征的胜利，实现了在追求真理、坚持真理的基础上全党的空前团结，红军的空前团结
红军长征的胜利，宣传了我们党的主张，播撒下革命的火种，扩大了党和红军的影响，巩固了党同人民群众的血肉联系，使党牢牢扎根在人民之中
中国__诞生于这是中国历史上开天辟地的大事
1919年
1921年
1927年
1949年
美国历史学家莫里斯•迈斯纳说领导革命取得胜利的中国__人既是具体的中国历史环境的产物又是中国历史的
领导工人运动
进行国民革命
工农武装割据
国共合作抗日
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WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheBBC’’sroyalcharterline4paragraph4standsfor_________________.
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. 71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationsnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsetsthesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesswarmingaroundahive.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatispromptappropriateeffectiveandself-limiting. Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnon-self.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornon-selfmoleculestheimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheinvaders.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Ratherimmunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanon-selfmoleculethesystemhastheabilitytorememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmoleculestheimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodiespassedduringlactation哺乳期thisso-calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamilyyourimmunesystemmustlearnfromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenon-selfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobesinwhichwelive.Learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnon-selfinvader. Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualexceptanidenticaltwinwhosecellscarryidenticalself-markersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeignitrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimarynon-antigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes抗原决定基whichstickoutfromitssurface.Mostantigenseventhesimplestmicrobescarryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurfacesomemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnon-selfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.Theresultcanbeso-calledautoimmunedisease.Thepainfulsideeffectsofthesediseasesarecausedbyaperson’’simmunesystemactuallyattackingitself Therememberingpowerofaperson’’simmunesystemis
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationsnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsetsthesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesswarmingaroundahive.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatispromptappropriateeffectiveandself-limiting. Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnon-self.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornon-selfmoleculestheimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheinvaders.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Ratherimmunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanon-selfmoleculethesystemhastheabilitytorememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmoleculestheimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodiespassedduringlactation哺乳期thisso-calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamilyyourimmunesystemmustlearnfromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenon-selfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobesinwhichwelive.Learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnon-selfinvader. Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualexceptanidenticaltwinwhosecellscarryidenticalself-markersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeignitrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimarynon-antigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes抗原决定基whichstickoutfromitssurface.Mostantigenseventhesimplestmicrobescarryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurfacesomemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnon-selfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.Theresultcanbeso-calledautoimmunedisease.Thepainfulsideeffectsofthesediseasesarecausedbyaperson’’simmunesystemactuallyattackingitself Theprincipaltaskoftheimmunesystemisto
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican__________.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicture 2analyzethecausesoftheproblemand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe__________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess. 72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld. 73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy. Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedoftunnelmethodfrequentlyfallvictimtothetechnicistfallacy.Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. AccordingtothetextU.S.prisoners
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces_________________.
当分子中的助色团与生色团直接相连使π-π*跃迁吸收带向①移动这是②效应结果
一般滴定分析要求相对误差≤0.1%用万分之一分析天平用减量法称取试样时一般至少应称取①g滴定时一般滴定体积须控制在②ml以上
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. MoreandmoreAmericansfavorallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Drugaddictionisbeingviewedasadiseasebecause
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