首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Text 1 Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breas...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
wepackedupthethingswehadaccumulated积累overtllelastt
1ate
recent
past
end
Theyargued________thematterthewholeafternoonandatl
with；with
on；on
about；on
over；over
Theworkersbuiltanew桥overthisriverlastyear.
1分ThepriceofthehousesalongWenchangRoadhas上升greatl
Theyargued___thematterthewholeafternoonandatlastag
with; with
on; over
about; on
over; over
--Thehospitalwas______firelastnight.--ReallySomeon
on; with
on; to
over; with
over; to
指令DECA的含义是
A中数加1
A中数减1
A中数清零
A中数置为FFH
解方程．
甲数的等于乙数的甲乙两数成比例甲乙两数的最简整数比是．
Theyargued___thematterthewholeafternoonandatlastag
with; with
on; over
about; on
over; over
Therewasn’ttimetofinishallthegameslastnightandsoso
carried over
taken over
got over
turned over
根据下表请开始答题 1583所在的数字区间是
A
B
C
D
方程的解的个数为
1
3
4
5
可乐定的结构是
A
B
C
D
E
Isthemaninwhiteovertheretheteacherwhoteachyoulast
Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilmsproducealloverth
根据下表请开始答题 4725所在的数字区间是
A
B
C
D
HelearnoversixhundredEnglishwordssincelastyear.
AmazingChinaafilmaboutChina'sachievementsoverthela
has made
made
will make
is making
热门试题
更多
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. AccordingtothepassagetheNISprogram
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Morepeoplechoosetotelecommutebecause
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. Whatdoweknowfromthefirstparagraph
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin.
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth.
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Accordingtothepassagethenewdrill
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Dr.YosephBar-Cohenseemstosuggestthat
Text2 AnAsianengineerisassignedtoaU.S.laboratoryandalmostsuffersanervousbreakdown.AU.S.executivetellshisstaffhe’sgoingtotreatthemfairly--andcreatesdissension.AJapanesemanagerispromotedbyhisAmericanpresidentbutwithinsixmonthsasksforatransfer. Eachofthesereal-lifecasesinvolvedpeoplewhowereregardedassuperioremployeesbutwereill-equippedtocopewiththecomplexitiesanddangersofinterculturalmanagement. "Multinationalcompanieshavestudiedeverythingelsenowthey’refinallylookingatculture"saysCliffordClarkefounderandpresidentoftheCalifornia-basedIRIInternationalInc."NevershowtheshoetoanArabneverarriveintimeforapartyinBrazilandinJapandon’tthink’yes’means’yes’"adviseU.S.consultantsLennieCoplandandLewisBrownGriggswhohaveproducedaseriesoffilmsandabooktohelpmanagersimprovetheirinternationalbusinessskills.Butsimplylearningthesocial"dos"and"don’ts"isnottheansweraccordingtothenewculturespecialists.Thepenaltiesforignoringdifferentthinkingpatternstheypointoutcanbedisastrous. ForexampletheAmericanmanagerwhopromisedtobefairthoughthewastellinghisJapanesestaffthattheirhardworkwouldberewardedbutwhensomeworkersreceivedhighersalaryincreasesthanotherstherewerecomplaints."Youtoldusyou’dbefairandyouliedtous"accusedonesalesman."Ittookmeayearandahalf"sighedtheAmerican"torealizethat’fair’tomystaffmeantbeingtreatedequally." TheAsianengineerwhosufferedinAmericawasthevictimofanothermistakenexpectation."HewasaccustomedtothewarmgroupenvironmentsotypicalinJapan"saidhisU.S.manager."Butinourcompanywe’reallexpectedtobeself-starterswhothriveonworkingalone.Forhimitwasemotionalstarvation.He’smadetheadjustmentnowbuthe’dbehumiliatedifItoldyouhisnamethat’sanotherculturaldifference." TheJapanesemanagerwhofailedtorespondtohispromotioncouldn’tbringhimselftousethemoredirectlanguageneededtocommunicatewithhisBoston-basedsuperiors."Iusedtothinkallthistalkaboutculturalcommunicationwasalogofbaloney"saysEugeneJ.FlathpresidentofIntelJapanLtd.asubsidiaryoftheAmericansemiconductormaker."NowIcanseeit’sarealproblem.Miscommunicationhasslowedourabilitytocoordinateactionwithourhomeoffice." That’swhyIntelwiththehelpofconsultantClarkebegananinterculturaltrainingprogramthisspringwhichFlathexpectswilldramaticallyreducedecision-makingtimenowlostinmakingsuretheAmericansandtheJapaneseunderstandeachother. FromthecontextthewordbaloneyLine3Paragraph6iscloseinmeaningto
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. Theauthor'sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianwhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Atfirstthenewlightweightdrillhasbeeninventedto
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 43
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Thekeyfactortoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisastersis
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 41
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Theresultoftheincreasingcostsinnaturaldisastersis
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. OneofthecharacteristicsofautopiansocietyenvisionedbySaintSimonianswould
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. Whatdoestheauthormeanbytheblockingofsome'questionable’sitewasnotcomprehensiveLine1LastParagraph
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 45
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号