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______主张教育的目的要根据社会需要来确定个人的发展必须服从社会需要教育目的使受教育者社会化社会
主张教育目的应依据个人需要来确定的是
孔德
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卢梭
涂尔干
社会生产方式是确立教育目的的客观依据因此教育目的就应该仅仅根据社会发展的需要来确定河南新乡
主张教育目的应依据个人需要来确定这是教育目的价值取向上的
社会本位论
个人本位论
政治本位论
zōng jiāo 本位论
教育是培养人的活动所以教育目的要完全依据人的发展需要来 确定.
主张以个人的本性和个体发展的需要来确定教育目的就形成了
神学的教育目的论
教育无目的论
个人本位的教育目的论
社会本位的教育目的论
主张教育目的应当根据人的本性和需要来确定这是论的教育目的观
主张从个人的本性和个体发展的需要来确定教育目的的教育家是
卢梭
柏拉图
诺笃尔普
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Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause______.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.WemaysaytakingthepassageasawholethatLincolnwas______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Themainfocusofthispassageis______.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthispassage
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Anappropriatetitleforthepassageismostlikelytobe
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinthispassage
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthesecondparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthorhumantraveltoMars
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.Geomantsbelievethat______.
Inthelate1960’smanypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheir attentiontoenvironmentalproblemsandnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswere widelycriticized.41__________.Skyscrapersarealsolavish comsumersandwastersofelectricpower.Inonerecentyeartheadditionof17 millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeak dailydemandforelectricityby120000kilowatts—enoughtosupplytheentire cityofAlbanyNewYorkforaday.42__________.Theheat lossorgainthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimes thatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthe strainonheatingandair-conditioningequipmentbuildersofskyscrapershave beguntousedoubleglazedpanelsofglassandreflectiveglassescoatedwith silverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.However mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairand affectneighboringbuildings.43__________.Iffullyoccupied thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25 milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear—asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford Connecticutwhichhasapopulationofmorethan109000. Skyscrapersalsointerferewithtelevisionreceptionblockbirdflyways andobstructairtraffic.44__________.45__________.[A] Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.[B]Tallbuildingsare aninevitablebuildingformandpartofthecontemporarylandscape.[C]In Bostoninthelate1960’ssomepeopleevenfearedthatshadowsfromskyscrapers wouldkillthegrassonBostonCommon.[D]Skyscrapersputaseverestrainon acity’ssanitationfacilitiestoo.[E]Stillpeoplecontinuetobuild skyscrapersforallthereasonsthattheyhavealwaysbuiltthem—personal ambitioncivicprideandthedesireofownerstohavethelargestpossible amountofrentablespace.[F]Someoftheseideasmaysoonappearinthecity asamoreholisticapproachistakeninbalancingenvironmentalandsocial factorswiththeeconomicsofbuildingdevelopment.[G]Ecologistspointed outthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublic transportationandparkinglotcapacities.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Bush’scitingoftheachievementsofspaceexplorationismentioned
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames______.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.ThestoryofMiltonGlasershowsthat______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
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