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不动产物权的权利变动通常以为公示方法
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
法律解释的主体只能是有权的国家机关及其工作人员
下列各项不可以质押的是
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. InthepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday
法律推理的基本方法包括演绎推理的方法归纳推理的方法和辩证推理的方法下列各种情形中需要采用辩证推理方法的有
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. .Incomparisonwithnaturalscientistsfinancialengineers
辩证推理又称
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. Thestartlinggrowthofbankmergersindicatesthat
一男子驾车闯红灯被警察拦住警察查明驾车人因要将其突发疾病的邻居送往医院抢救而撞红灯对此行为之性质与法律责任两警察持不同意见警察甲认为任何情况下违反交通规则均应受到法律的制裁而警察乙则认为驾车人为抢救病人违反规则实出于不得已因而不应受处罚请对两警察在法律推理方式上的区别作出分析
Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.
与一般解释相比法律解释的特点有
在法律解释中扩充解释是指
在我国典权属于
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. Companiesorfamiliesmayfailinfinancingifthey
免除债的意思表示
下列行为中属于民事代理的是
在我国法律适用过程中较少使用归纳推理的直接原因悬
Ifambitionistobewellregardedtherewardsofambition--wealthdistinctioncontroloverone’’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitalityitmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmiredtheeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddwayhoweveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem. Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.SummerhomesEuropeantravelBMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychangebutsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacleswhichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflifewhoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.ForsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptionaltheproperformulationisSucceedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious. Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressivewheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.AsaresultthesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulseaqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoungisprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanendthatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptingsbutonlythatnolongeropenlyhonoreditislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthisofcoursesomeofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadesly.Suchthenisthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycriticsontherightstupidsupportersandinthemiddleasusualthemajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife. Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause___________.
Ifambitionistobewellregardedtherewardsofambition--wealthdistinctioncontroloverone’’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitalityitmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmiredtheeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddwayhoweveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem. Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.SummerhomesEuropeantravelBMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychangebutsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacleswhichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflifewhoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.ForsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptionaltheproperformulationisSucceedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious. Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressivewheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.AsaresultthesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulseaqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoungisprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanendthatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptingsbutonlythatnolongeropenlyhonoreditislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthisofcoursesomeofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadesly.Suchthenisthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycriticsontherightstupidsupportersandinthemiddleasusualthemajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife. Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif__________.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
甲乙丙三人合伙开餐馆甲出门面房折价20万元乙出资金10万元丙出技术为厨师三人约定盈余均分亏损由乙负担经营1年后负债6万元丁为债权人对此债务
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry. ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. Intheauthor’’sopinion__________________.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
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