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“法治”一词具有多层含义，这些含义包括（ ）
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新艺术一词的含义及特征
一词当然可以多义但一词的多义应当是相近的例如帅可以解释为元帅也可以解释为杰出这两个含义是相近的由此看
语言的发展方向是一词一义，用人工语言取代自然语言
除了“酷”以外，在英语中不存在其他的词具有不相关的多种含义
英语比汉语更容易产生语词歧义
一个词的初始含义，是该词的惟一确切的含义
巴罗克一词的含义
鄂伦春一词有两种含义和
统计一词通常包括哪几种含义
简述秘书一词在不同历史时期的含义?
一词当然可以多义但一词的多义应当是相近的例如帅可以解释为元帅也可以解释为杰出这两个含义是相近的由此看
语言的发展方向是一词一义，用人工语言取代自然语言
除了“酷”以外，在英语中不存在其他的词具有不相关的多种含义
英语比汉语更容易产生语词歧义
一个词的初始含义，是该词的唯一确切的含义
简述我国古代经营一词的含义
统计一词具有多种不同含义但概括起来则有种含义
2
3
4
5
一般理解法制一词的含义是什么
文献一词最初具有两方面的含义一是指二是指
统计一词的三种含义主要包括统计活动统计资料和统计学
轮机一词的含义是怎样演变的
文化一词的含义
健康一词的含义是安全的完美的结实的
统计一词最基本的含义是统计资料
请说出三鼎甲一词的含义
逻辑一词的含义有哪些
我国公民一词的含义是
出生在我国的人
具有我国国籍的人
居留在我国的人
货运代理一词具有两种含义一是二是指货运代理行业
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Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 41
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatbyyear2050
Directions: Supposeyouarethesecretaryoftheprincipalofyouruniversity.Youareexpectedtowriteamemotoremindtheprincipalofanimportantinternationalmeetinghehastoattendthenextday.Imaginesomedetailedactivitiestheprincipalhastoperforminthemeeting. Writeyourmemoinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameonthememo;useLiHuainstead. Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 43
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheirlanguageofthemind.
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. AccordingtoParagraphland2whichofthefollowingitemsissocialandeconomicright
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. IfthegiantGSEScollapsethemostpossibleresultwouldbe
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. TheunderlinedworddisparityLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Accordingtotheauthorwhichisthemostfeasiblewaytoprotectbirds
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. Whichofthefollowingisunlikelytobetheriskthatthetwogiantsarefacing
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Whichofthefollowingstatementhasnothingtodowiththedrasticallydecliningnumberofbirds
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 45
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. Socialandeconomicrightsaremainlyemphasizedinpoorcountriesbecause
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