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Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
YouborrowedsomerecentissuesofU.S.businessmagazinefromyourprofessoramonthagobutdelayedreturningthem.Writealetterofapologytoyourprofessorstatingyourreasonsforthedelayandexpressingyourthanks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
临床急性胃炎最常见的病因是
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. TherestorationistsanddominationistsdifferintoallofthefollowingEXCEPT
确诊膜性增生性肾炎的超微结构改变主要是
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebatesAustralia’’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyiiipatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickeduphalfaworldawaybyJohnHofsessexecutivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’’son-lineserviceDeathNET.SaysHofsess:Wepostedbulletinsalldaylongbecauseofcoursethisisn’’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’’sworldhistory. Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief;othersincludingchurchesright-w-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociationbitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthefideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia―whereanagingpopulationlife-extendingtechnology’’andchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart―otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanadawheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrengthobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling. UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylawanadultpatientcanrequestdeath―probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill―toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Afteracoolingoffperiodofsevendaysthepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNicksona54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancertheNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissufferingaterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.I’’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofviewbutwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’’dgobecauseI’’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmaskshesays. Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thehot-spottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining____________.
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthor’’sprimarycriticismoftherestorationistsisthat
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought. Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumilitymodestyofgreatbookmenincallingattentiontothelimitationsofthebook.Nobookcan1ustoknoweverythingthatistobeknownorfeeleverythingthatistobefelt.Abookispartoflifenotasubstitute2it.Itisnotafit3forworshiporenshrinement.Itlosesitscharmandmuchofitsvaluewhenaccepted4Noonewouldhavebeenmore5thanAristotleifhecouldhaveknownoftheexcessiveand6venerationthatwouldbegiventohisideasincenturiesto7.Whenhisworksbecamethe8wordsofadvanceknowledge9knowledgebecameneitheradvancednorvital. Theparticularoccasionfortheseremarksisthatthereare10hereandtherethatsomeofusinthebookworldmaybe11ourselvestooseriously.Intheefforttoincreasebookreadingsome12thingsarebeingsaidaboutbooks.Itismadeto13thatnothingishappeningnowthathasnothappenedbeforeandthattheonlytrueapproachtounderstandingis14books.Wedoneitherservicenorjusticetobooksby15uponthemsuchomnipotenceandomniscience.Manyoftheanswersweneedtodayarenotnecessarilytobefoundbetween16Thereareelementsofnewnessinthepresent17ofmanthatwillnotreadilybe18ofbyrequiredreadingorreadyreference.Booksarenotsliderulesorblueprintsfor19automaticanswers.Whatisneededisamightyblendofthewisdomoftheages20freshrazor-edgedanalyticalthought.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethatpreservationists
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebatesAustralia’’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyiiipatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickeduphalfaworldawaybyJohnHofsessexecutivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’’son-lineserviceDeathNET.SaysHofsess:Wepostedbulletinsalldaylongbecauseofcoursethisisn’’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’’sworldhistory. Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief;othersincludingchurchesright-w-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociationbitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthefideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia―whereanagingpopulationlife-extendingtechnology’’andchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart―otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanadawheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrengthobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling. UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylawanadultpatientcanrequestdeath―probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill―toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Afteracoolingoffperiodofsevendaysthepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNicksona54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancertheNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissufferingaterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.I’’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofviewbutwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’’dgobecauseI’’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmaskshesays. WhenLloydNicksondieshewill________.
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. ThestatementitisalltoomonkeyLastlineParagraph1impliesthat
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Theauthorbelievesthat____________.
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