首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
伯里克利
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
制定陶片放逐法的改革家是
梭伦
苏格拉底
克利斯梯尼
伯里克利
伯里克利德谟克利特苏格拉底柏拉图色诺芬阿里斯多芬戴克里先西塞罗李维波里比阿塔西佗普鲁塔克阿庇安汉尼拔
阅读下列材料我们城市的大门是向世界敞开的财富对于我们不只是自负的本钱而是成事的机会我们不以承认贫富为
梭伦克利斯提尼伯里克利为希腊民主制度作出了巨大的贡献下列说法正确的是①梭伦改革促进了雅典民主政治和商
①②③④
①②④
①③④
①②③
伯里克利时代被称为希腊内部的极盛时期主要是指伯里克利统治时期
希腊成为地跨欧亚非的大帝国
中央集权制度发展到顶峰
民主政治极盛一时
雅典由共和制转变为帝制
使希腊民主政治进入了黄金时代的改革是
梭伦
西塞罗
伯里克利
克利斯提尼
伯里克利时代事实上国家最高的权力机构是
伯里克利
十将军委员会
陪审法庭
公民大会
在古希腊使公民都享有参政权力的政治家是
梭伦
克利斯提尼
伯里克利
柏拉图
伯里克利立法
简述古代雅典伯里克利民主政治改革的主要措施
阅读下列材料回答问题我们的[政府形式]之所以称为民主制是因为权力不掌握在少数人手里而是由全体人民掌握
阅读下列材料我们城市的大门是向世界敞开的财富对于我们不只是自负的本钱而是成事的机会我们不以承认贫富为
雅典民主政治的黄金时代是
梭伦时代
伯里克利时代
克利斯提尼时代
凯撒时代
伯里克利时代雅典民主政治的主要表现
马克思说希腊内部极盛时期是伯里克利时代在但里克利时代的雅典国家的最高决策机构是
公民大会
五百人会议
陪审法庭
议会
论述伯里克利时代雅典民主政治的特色
伯里克利改革
雅典伯里克利说我们的制度之所以称为民主政治因为政权是在全体公民手中而不是在少数人手中伯里克利时代雅典
陪审法庭
公民大会
五百人会议
元老院
伯里克利民主制
伯里克利Pericles
热门试题
更多
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. SubstanceabuseLine5Paragraph1ispreferabletodrugabuseinthat___________.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." InBuchwald’sopinionwhichofthefollowingistrue
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom___________.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." TheunderlinedwordSeasonedLine6Paragraph1mostprobablymeans
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." BysayingIamgoingtomissitinthelastparagraphBuchwaldwantstoindicatethat
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. Asaresultoftherisingoftheearth’’stemperatureby2100
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theinventionsofnewmaterialsandweldingtechniques
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. AccordingtotheNAS’’sreportoneoftheproblemsinend-of-tirecareis
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. TheEPAwarnsusthatunlesstheriseintheearth’’stemperaturewererestrained
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheauthorarguesthatFreud’’sstudies
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. BysigningamassiveFFAwithASEANnationsChinatendsto
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. WhichofthepointsbelowisNOTgiveninthenewsreport
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 44
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 42
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号