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胁痛的基本治则是( )
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胁痛的基本治则为
健脾
疏肝
利胆
和络
止痛
胁痛的基本治则是
滋阴降火
清热解毒
清热利湿
活血化瘀
疏肝和络止痛
慢惊风的基本治则是什么
胁痛的基本治则是
疏肝理气止痛
清热利湿止痛
祛瘀通络止痛
养阴柔肝止痛
疏肝和络止痛
急惊风的基本治则是什么
头痛治疗的基本原则是外感头痛治以为主内伤头痛治以为主
胁痛的基本治疗原则是
疏肝和络止痛
滋阴柔肝
益气补肝
清热利湿
活血通络
胁痛的治疗以__________为基本治则
防治桑粉虱的基本原则是
治早
治晚
治小
治成虫
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PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 41
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 43
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text2TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto."OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel.SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice.Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup.AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. Employeeswithon-linerelationshipscanbenefitthecompanybecause
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat."InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." IntheUSpeopleargueabout
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription. [B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt. [C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves. [D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres. [E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed. [F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor. [G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities. 45
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
YouarepreparingfortakingtheentrancetestforMAineconomics.WritealettertothedeanoftheEconomicsSchoolofafamousuniversitytoenquireabout: 1thesubjectstobetested 2thenumberofstudentsforenrollmentand 3anyguidingortrainingcourses. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutoldageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.OneofthestrikingqualitiesoftheAmericancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningofdeath.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature--fromHawthorneandMelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway--onefindsatragicdepththatdisguisesthesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byaneffortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthatthecultureinactionisreluctanttoface--thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplaceintheback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.TheunblinkingconfrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswovenarounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasantculturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;thesearedifficulttofindinAmericanlife.WhetherthroughfearoftheemotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthefloodgatesofreligiousintensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencomingtotermswithit;hefindsitmorbidandmovesbackfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidanceAmericansneverdie;they"passaway"andvarioustaboosofspeechandpractice.A"funeralparlor"isdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythinginafuneralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingsecrettobeconcealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthattheceremonyoftenlosesitsquality:ofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitiveculturesthereisdifficultyinunder-standingthecausesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingandevenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveareadyenoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometotermswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit."Wejubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddings"writesMargaretMead"butmoreandmoredealwiththedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutanopportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeasisbirth."AndonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofanAmerican’slifemthelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isasstandardizedastherest. MargaretMeadsuggeststhat
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat."InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." Itseemsthatthewomanmentionedinthelastparagraph
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10Points46Basedonaccumulatedsocialresearchtherenowcanbelittledoubtthatsuccessfulandwell-adjustedchildreninmodemsocietiesaremostlikelytocomefromtwo-parentfamiliesconsistingofthebiologicalfatherandmother.Alternativefamilyformswhichareattemptedsuchassingleparentandstepfamilieshavebeendemonstratedtobeinferiorinchildoutcomes.Therecentmovementawayfromthetwo-natural-parentfamilyhasledtoconsiderablesocialmalaiseamongtheyoungnottomentionsocialdecayingeneral.47Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamiliesliveamongcaregivingrelativesandinsupportivecommunitiesbutthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.Historicallyasubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhoodandthistrendisprobablyirreversible.Thestatehastriedtofillthevacuumbutwithoutmuchsuccess.Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilytheremaybemoreimportanttodayforchildrenandforsocietyingeneralthaneverbeforeinhistory.Constitutingoneofthegreatestdilemmasfacedbymodemsocietieshoweveristhefactthatnuclearfamilythemselvesarebreakingapartatdramaticallyhighrates.48Thechancesinsomesocietiesarenowlessthan50to50thanksmainlytodivorcethatachildwilllivecontinuouslytoadulthoodwithbothnaturalparents.Thisisdespitethefactthatunlikeintimespastparentsnowalmostalwayslivetoseetheirchildrenreachmaturity.Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged.Notsolongagomarriagewasaneconomicbondofmutualdependencyasocialbondheavilyupheldbyextendedfamilies.Todaymarriageisnoneofthese.49Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbywealthbyfemaleeconomicpursuitandbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutdisappearedandmodemsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligion.Marriagehasbecomeapurelyindividualpursuitanimpliedandnotveryenforceablecontractbetweentwopeople;arelationshipdesignedtosatisfybasicneedsforintimacydependencyandsex.Whentheseneedschangeorwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscoveredmarriageareeasilydissolved.Moreovermoreoftheeverydayneedstraditionallymetbymarriagecanbemetinotherwayssuchasthroughthemarketplace.50WithitssurroundingandsupportingsocialstructurescollapsingcantherebeanyhopethatthenuclearfamilycanberevivedYesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind.Iftheevolutionarybiologistsarecorrecthumanbeingsareapair-bondingspecies. Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamiliesliveamongcaregivingrelativesandinsupportivecommunitiesbutthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Accordingtothetextitistruethat
Text4Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer--governmentorprivate--shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’resultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldby14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employedBlackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’argumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Itcanbeinferredthatthestatementsinthelastparagrapharemostprobably
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Text2TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto."OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel.SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice.Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup.AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. Accordingtothepassagewhatdoessocialcapitalreferto
Text3MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutoldageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.OneofthestrikingqualitiesoftheAmericancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningofdeath.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature--fromHawthorneandMelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway--onefindsatragicdepththatdisguisesthesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byaneffortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthatthecultureinactionisreluctanttoface--thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplaceintheback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.TheunblinkingconfrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswovenarounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasantculturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;thesearedifficulttofindinAmericanlife.WhetherthroughfearoftheemotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthefloodgatesofreligiousintensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencomingtotermswithit;hefindsitmorbidandmovesbackfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidanceAmericansneverdie;they"passaway"andvarioustaboosofspeechandpractice.A"funeralparlor"isdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythinginafuneralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingsecrettobeconcealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthattheceremonyoftenlosesitsquality:ofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitiveculturesthereisdifficultyinunder-standingthecausesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingandevenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveareadyenoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometotermswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit."Wejubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddings"writesMargaretMead"butmoreandmoredealwiththedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutanopportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeasisbirth."AndonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofanAmerican’slifemthelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isasstandardizedastherest. Unwillingnesstofacedeathis
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif
Text4Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer--governmentorprivate--shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’resultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldby14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employedBlackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’argumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Astudyofpracticesoffinancialinstitutionswithnodiscriminationagainstself-employedwomenwouldtendtocontradict
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Text3MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutoldageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.OneofthestrikingqualitiesoftheAmericancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningofdeath.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature--fromHawthorneandMelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway--onefindsatragicdepththatdisguisesthesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byaneffortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthatthecultureinactionisreluctanttoface--thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplaceintheback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.TheunblinkingconfrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswovenarounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasantculturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;thesearedifficulttofindinAmericanlife.WhetherthroughfearoftheemotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthefloodgatesofreligiousintensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencomingtotermswithit;hefindsitmorbidandmovesbackfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidanceAmericansneverdie;they"passaway"andvarioustaboosofspeechandpractice.A"funeralparlor"isdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythinginafuneralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingsecrettobeconcealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthattheceremonyoftenlosesitsquality:ofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitiveculturesthereisdifficultyinunder-standingthecausesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingandevenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveareadyenoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometotermswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit."Wejubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddings"writesMargaretMead"butmoreandmoredealwiththedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutanopportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeasisbirth."AndonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofanAmerican’slifemthelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isasstandardizedastherest. Whatis/waspeople'sattitudetowordsdeath
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. TheexampleofAristotleisusedtoindicatethat
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat."InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." AccordingtoDr.GerardImberrepeopleshouldhavecosmeticsurgery
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