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1941年12月7日，日本舰队突然偷袭在( )的美国太平洋舰队，致使在港内的太平洋舰队几乎全军覆没，从而宣告了太平洋战争的爆发。
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第二次世界大战的太平洋战场1图A.战役发生在1942年12月7日那天日本偷袭美国在太平洋的海军基地太
第二世界大战是人类迄今最大规模的战争它是逐渐扩大而成的其中1941年6月德国突然袭击标志着二战规模的
1941年12月7日日本对美国的发动了突然进攻标志着太平洋战争的爆发
第二次世界大战全面爆发的标志是
1937年7月7日日本全面侵华
1939年9月1日德国袭击波兰
1941年6月德国偷袭苏联
1941年12月7日日本偷袭珍珠港
这是一张拍摄于1941年12月7日清晨的照片它反映的是美国珍珠港被日军偷袭后的景象由此引发了太平洋战
在1941年12月7日的在珍珠港事件中日本共击毁击伤美国主要舰只艘飞机260余架使美国太平洋舰队遭到
18
20
22
24
在世界近现代历史上日本和美国的关系经历了一个侵略对立——合作——既合作又对立的过程请回答下列问题11
在1941年12月7日的珍珠港事件中日本共击毁击伤美国主要舰 只艘飞机260余架使美国太平洋舰队遭到
18
20
22
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1941年12月7日日本出动253架飞机一举摧毁了美国的哪个海军基地重创了美国的太平洋舰队
珍珠港
夏威夷
中途岛
阅读下面的图片回答问题第二次世界大战的太平洋战场1图A.战役发生在1942年12月7日那天日本偷袭美
下列关于二战的说法全都不准确的是①苏德战争中历时最长最为激烈的一次战役苏德战场根本转折的开始是库尔斯
②③⑤⑥
②③④⑥
①②③④
①④⑤⑥
日本在1941年12月7日偷袭美国珍珠港
在世界近现代历史上日本和美国的关系经历了一个侵略对立—合作—既合作又对立过程请回答下列问题119世纪
和1941年12月偷袭重创太平洋舰队等信息密切相关的历史事件是
德国进攻苏联
日本进攻珍珠港
德国进攻波兰
德军轰炸英国
1941年12月日本派遣特遣舰队向位于夏威夷瓦胡岛上的美国太平洋舰队什么基地发起突然袭击重创美国海军
太平洋战争爆发的时间是
1937年7月7日
1937年8月13日
1939年9月1日
1941年12月8日
太平洋战争爆发的历史根源是
美国太平洋舰队对日本构成严重威胁
美英对日本实行贸易禁运
一战后美日矛盾不断激化
德、日、意结成法西斯同盟
1941年12月7日日军偷袭珍珠港太平洋战争爆发日本发动太平洋战争的根本原因是
实施《基本国策纲要》
日本企图以此取得战争主动权
德国法西斯对日本的支持
美日争夺亚太地区的矛盾激化
1941年12月8日日本派遣以此6艘航空母舰为主力的特遣舰队向位于 夏威爽瓦胡岛上的美国太平洋舰队基
小明整理了一段复习资料请帮他找出错误并改正1938年9月1日德军突袭捷克斯洛伐克英法被迫对德宣战第二
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Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepart.aresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41__________Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42__________Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43__________ 44__________Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosions saidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.Anothersupposedlysentout byShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgess whereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplain staticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones. OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45__________WarningsignsaboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroduceda banlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapply merelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesare nowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamount ofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthose firesseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurthercomplicationwasthe riseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoil companieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrol stations.[D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.The countrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothe countrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneuseby children.[E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephones cancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherules varywidely.[F]Bytilelate1990showeverphone makers—havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthattherewasnodangerof phonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequired sparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcar interiorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Text4 PlatoaskedWhatismanandSt AugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iam you!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcost ofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyand itistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.The costtobusinesseswasalmost＄50billionandtoconsumers＄5billionin 2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollected figures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleand politiciansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalarge data-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000Americansthat ithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocial Securitynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity. AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthat containpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsome Senators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttake precautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidents stateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingover companiesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythe firms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargely unregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfounded in1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billion recordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpolice agencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiring companiestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeen compromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafterit wasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislation tomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover lawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedical companiesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislation thereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingto safeguardindividuals’data.Yetthelegalremedieswouldstill befarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughless frequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin 1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheftinformationchangeinaccuracies anddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostof mistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.Whenthe lawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadfor business.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsidering it.ChoicePointrevealedthefraudbecause
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibleto definewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeing clearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe 1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthanto highartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart. ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohigh art.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic—folkthemes—in worksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:he tookapopulargenre—bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionof nineteenth-centuryopera—andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnature transmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatest achievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithout recognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.Asan exampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypical politicalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsof theseoperasaheroorheroine—usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividual unrestrainedbyclass—iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthe aristocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians. Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinary energyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing. Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearly understoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacy totheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelings beyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatment ofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallin musicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpress aseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychological portrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthe singer’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalways substitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersonthe otherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasesthe consistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacteris achievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdidid notrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsor substitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasasevery eighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonly fordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Text2 Thehistoryofmodempollutionproblems showsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehavean appallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossible consequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceand distrobiteradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotent compoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Our educationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthe purposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandto discover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthat theserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.These argumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameof scientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime. Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednor brief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeen discoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadover hugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesand yearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiospherefor generations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththe expandingpowerofmodemscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthe hazardsofmodempollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwith otherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutor chemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbefore beingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesin thefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonatural processes.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewill encounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingour responsibilitytoenvironment.Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraphthephraseindepthmeans
Directions: Yourcompanyisbringinguptheconsumerdatauptodate.Writealettertoyourclientto 1askhimtofillinaformand 2emphasizetheimportanceofthisinformation. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepart.aresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41__________Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42__________Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43__________ 44__________Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosions saidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.Anothersupposedlysentout byShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgess whereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplain staticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones. OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45__________WarningsignsaboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroduceda banlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapply merelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesare nowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamount ofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthose firesseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurthercomplicationwasthe riseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoil companieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrol stations.[D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.The countrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothe countrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneuseby children.[E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephones cancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherules varywidely.[F]Bytilelate1990showeverphone makers—havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthattherewasnodangerof phonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequired sparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcar interiorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Text4 PlatoaskedWhatismanandSt AugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iam you!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcost ofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyand itistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.The costtobusinesseswasalmost＄50billionandtoconsumers＄5billionin 2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollected figures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleand politiciansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalarge data-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000Americansthat ithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocial Securitynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity. AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthat containpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsome Senators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttake precautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidents stateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingover companiesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythe firms—suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw—arelargely unregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfounded in1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billion recordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpolice agencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiring companiestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeen compromised—whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafterit wasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislation tomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover lawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedical companiesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislation thereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingto safeguardindividuals’data.Yetthelegalremedieswouldstill befarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughless frequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin 1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheftinformationchangeinaccuracies anddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostof mistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.Whenthe lawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadfor business.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsidering it.Accordingtoparagraph2whichofthefollowingistrue
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibleto definewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeing clearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe 1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthanto highartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart. ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohigh art.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic—folkthemes—in worksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:he tookapopulargenre—bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionof nineteenth-centuryopera—andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnature transmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatest achievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithout recognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.Asan exampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypical politicalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsof theseoperasaheroorheroine—usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividual unrestrainedbyclass—iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthe aristocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians. Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinary energyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing. Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearly understoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacy totheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelings beyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatment ofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallin musicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpress aseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychological portrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthe singer’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalways substitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersonthe otherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasesthe consistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacteris achievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdidid notrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsor substitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasasevery eighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonly fordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThat questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherat theUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnota physicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidence ofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban mythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat. DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceofthe BritishSociologicalAssociation.Mobilephonesstartedto becomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleof aconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.Thiswasinlargepart.aresponse tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononan oilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41__________Sonobodyquestionedthe precautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywas thatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42__________Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfires increasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.Richard CoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthat occurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwere indeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselveswere theresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswill haveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.It iscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendup electricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicle theresultissometimesaspark.43__________ 44__________Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosions saidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.Anothersupposedlysentout byShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgess whereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplain staticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones. OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracy theorists.45__________WarningsignsaboundinBritain AmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroduceda banlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenate proposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstate punishablebya$250fine.[A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapply merelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesare nowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsfor example.[B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamount ofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthose firesseemedtobeendless.[C]Afurthercomplicationwasthe riseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoil companieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrol stations.[D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.The countrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothe countrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneuseby children.[E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephones cancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherules varywidely.[F]Bytilelate1990showeverphone makers—havingconductedtheirownresearch—realizedthattherewasnodangerof phonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequired sparks.[G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcar interiorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fighting meanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayof settlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreater numberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmost haswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright. Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightis right.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeen like.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhich millionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethat peopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywe havegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachother indailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstill behavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afterall theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolution humanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonths old.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthinthe formofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillion years;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeen civilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresare difficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewhole pastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepast ofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastthreesentencesthat
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fighting meanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayof settlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreater numberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmost haswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright. Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightis right.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeen like.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhich millionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethat peopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywe havegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachother indailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstill behavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afterall theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolution humanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonths old.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthinthe formofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillion years;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeen civilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresare difficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewhole pastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepast ofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Intheauthor’sopinionthecountriesthatruledoveralargenumberofothercountriesare
Text3 Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmost oftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgenerals andsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardare oftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegor launchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanureda field;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreat dealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesof theworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.And Ithinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathave beateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemas conquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthe wayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Even beinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodo itmostefficiently—thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshave done—isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fighting meanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayof settlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreater numberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmost haswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright. Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightis right.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeen like.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhich millionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethat peopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets—whilethatistosaywe havegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachother indailylife—nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstill behavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afterall theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolution humanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonths old.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthinthe formofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillion years;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeen civilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresare difficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewhole pastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepast ofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeen civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeen littletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearn better.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemay estimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthe sungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutone hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilized lifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthe wholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorging andgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohave donethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedone somethingelse.Thefirstsentenceoftheopeningparagraphindicatesthat
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