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以下不宜久煎的药物是
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以下药物入汤剂不宜久煎的是
薄荷
鱼腥草
青蒿
败酱草
蒲公英
不宜久煎宜后下的药物是
牡蛎
附子
磁石
砂仁
决明子
不宜久煎的药物有
薄荷
苍耳子
羌活
葛根
紫苏
不宜久煎的药物是
牡蛎
罗布麻
钩藤
天麻
羚羊角
滋补药的煎法是
武火急煎
文火久煎
武火久煎
文火略煎
不宜久煎
矿石贝壳药的煎法是
武火急煎
文火久煎
武火久煎
文火略煎
不宜久煎
以下不宜久煎的药物是
红藤
蒲公英
鱼腥草
败酱草
入汤剂不宜久煎的药物是
菊花
青黛
鱼腥草
板蓝根
栀子
不宜久煎的药物是
葛根
淡豆豉
辛夷
蔓荆子
薄荷
能发散或有芳香气味含挥发油的药物在煎煮时宜
先煎
久煎
包煎
另煎
不宜久煎
补益药的煎法是
武火久煎浓煎
文火久煎浓煎
久煎、量宜多
煎药前生药不宜泡
煎药前生药不宜湿润
在以下药物中不宜久煎的是
薄荷
三七
牛黄
附子
阿胶
下列不宜久煎的药物有
附子
黄柏
荆芥
紫苏
黄连
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Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudiesthatcurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhoodworkleisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrativeitisnowentirelyanalytic.TheoldquestionsWhathappenedandHowdidithappenhavegivenwaytothequestionWhydidithappen46ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhyispsychoanalysisanditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory. Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispracticaluseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.TheyarecommittednotjusttopsychologyingeneralbuttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentpreventsacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.47Psychohistoryderivesitsfactsnotfromhistorythedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirsequencesbutfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoryanddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlivesbutfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendsgoesbeyondhistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibletoandthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasicbeliefofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.48Psychohistoriansconvincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirtheoriesarealsoconvincedthattheirsisthedeepestexplanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortoftruth. Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory;italsoviolatesthepastitself.49Itdeniestothepastanyintegrityandwillofitsowninwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadmanycausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresentthusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.50Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepastitassimilatesalleventspastandpresentintoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfoinformationrichandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethenhoweverwerethenewpositiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic. Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercializeditisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterallthemorepeopleonlinethemorepotentialcustomersthereare.MoreandmoregovernmentsafraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehindwanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwoonetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.AsaresultInowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’’veeverhad. OfcoursetheuseoftheInternetisn’’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential. Totakeadvantageofthistoolsomeimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.CountriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructurethebasicstructuralfoundationsofasocietyintheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructureitdidn’’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’’sSecondWaveinfrastructure―includingroadsharborshighwaysportsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglishtheGermanstheDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.GuesswhoownsthemnowTheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructurewhichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructurethebetteroffyou’’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooledorlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet. ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof______.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudiesthatcurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhoodworkleisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrativeitisnowentirelyanalytic.TheoldquestionsWhathappenedandHowdidithappenhavegivenwaytothequestionWhydidithappen46ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhyispsychoanalysisanditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory. Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispracticaluseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.TheyarecommittednotjusttopsychologyingeneralbuttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentpreventsacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.47Psychohistoryderivesitsfactsnotfromhistorythedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirsequencesbutfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoryanddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlivesbutfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendsgoesbeyondhistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibletoandthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasicbeliefofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.48Psychohistoriansconvincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirtheoriesarealsoconvincedthattheirsisthedeepestexplanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortoftruth. Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory;italsoviolatesthepastitself.49Itdeniestothepastanyintegrityandwillofitsowninwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadmanycausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresentthusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.50Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepastitassimilatesalleventspastandpresentintoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
LateVictorianandmodernideasofculturearealwaysinsomesenseattributedtoMatthewArnoldwholargelythroughhisCultureandAnarchy1869placedthewordatthecenterofdebatesaboutthegoalsofintellectuallifeandhumanisticsociety.Arnolddefinedcultureasthepursuitoftotalperfectionbymeansofgettingtoknowonallmatterswhichmostconcernusthebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.ItwasArnold’’shopethatthroughthisknowledgewecanturnafreshandfreethoughtuponourstocknotionsandhabits.AlthoughArnold’’sthinkingaboutculturehelpedtodefinethepurposesoftheliberalartscurriculuminthecenturyfollowingthepublicationofCulturethreeconcreteformsofdisagreementwithArnold’’sviewshavehadconsiderableimpactoftheirown. ThefirstcanbeseenasprotestingArnold’’sfearfuldestinationofanarchyasculture’’senemy.Thisdivisionseemstosetupsimplyonemoreversionoftheoldstrugglebetweenaprivilegedpowerstructureandradicalchallengestoitsauthority.Arnoldcertainlytriedtodefinethearch-thelawfulorderofvalue-againstwhathesawasthean-archexistentialistdemocracyyethehimselfwasannoyedinhissoulbytheblindprideofthereactionarypowersinhisworld. AnotherformofoppositionsawArnold’’scultureasanabsurdperpetuationofclassicalandliterarylearningoutlookandprivilegesinaworldwheresciencehadbecomethenewarchandfromwhichanyreallyneworderofthinkingmustdevelop.AtthecenterofthetwoculturesdebatewerethegoalsoftheformalcurriculumintheeducationalsystemwhichisalwaystakentobetheprincipalvehiclethroughwhichArnoldiancultureoperates.HoweverArnoldhimselfhadviewedcultureasenactingitslifeinamuchmorebroadlyconceivedsetofinstitutions. TodayhoweverArnoldiancultureissustainedifindirectlybymulticulturalismamovementaimedlargelyatgainingrecognitionforvoicesandvisionsthatArnoldianculturehasimplicitlysuppressed.Atthelevelofeducationalpracticethemulticulturalistsareinterestedinlesseningthearbitraryauthoritythathighcultureexercisesoverthecurriculumwhilebringingintoplaytheprinciplethatwemustlearnwhatisrepresentativeforwehaveoveremphasizedwhatisexceptional.Themulticulturalists’’conflictwithArnoldianculturehasclearsimilaritiestotheradicalcritique;yetmulticulturalismaffirmsArnoldbyreturningusmorespecificallytoatensioninherentintheideaofcultureratherthantotheculture-anarchydivision. ThesocialcriticsdefendersofscienceandmulticulturalistsinsistthatArnold’’scultureissimplyadevicefororderingusabout.Insteaditisdesignedtoregisterthegatheringofideologicalcloudsonthehorizon.ThereisnoutopianmotiveinArnold’’scelebrationofperfection.TheideaofperfectionmatteredtoArnoldastheonlybackgroundagainstwhichwecouldformajustimageofouractualcircumstancesjustaswecanconceivefinersunsetsandunheardmelodies.ThiscapacitywhichallhumanspossessArnoldmadethefoundationandauthorityofculture. Wecaninferfromthetextthatthetwo-culturedebate
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfoinformationrichandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethenhoweverwerethenewpositiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic. Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercializeditisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterallthemorepeopleonlinethemorepotentialcustomersthereare.MoreandmoregovernmentsafraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehindwanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwoonetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.AsaresultInowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’’veeverhad. OfcoursetheuseoftheInternetisn’’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential. Totakeadvantageofthistoolsomeimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.CountriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructurethebasicstructuralfoundationsofasocietyintheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructureitdidn’’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’’sSecondWaveinfrastructure―includingroadsharborshighwaysportsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglishtheGermanstheDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.GuesswhoownsthemnowTheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructurewhichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructurethebetteroffyou’’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooledorlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet. Digitaldivideissomething______.
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangeLine3Paragraph3theauthoristalkingabout
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudiesthatcurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhoodworkleisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrativeitisnowentirelyanalytic.TheoldquestionsWhathappenedandHowdidithappenhavegivenwaytothequestionWhydidithappen46ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhyispsychoanalysisanditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory. Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispracticaluseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.TheyarecommittednotjusttopsychologyingeneralbuttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentpreventsacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.47Psychohistoryderivesitsfactsnotfromhistorythedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirsequencesbutfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoryanddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlivesbutfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendsgoesbeyondhistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibletoandthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasicbeliefofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.48Psychohistoriansconvincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirtheoriesarealsoconvincedthattheirsisthedeepestexplanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortoftruth. Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory;italsoviolatesthepastitself.49Itdeniestothepastanyintegrityandwillofitsowninwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadmanycausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresentthusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.50Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepastitassimilatesalleventspastandpresentintoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudiesthatcurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhoodworkleisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrativeitisnowentirelyanalytic.TheoldquestionsWhathappenedandHowdidithappenhavegivenwaytothequestionWhydidithappen46ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhyispsychoanalysisanditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory. Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispracticaluseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.TheyarecommittednotjusttopsychologyingeneralbuttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentpreventsacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.47Psychohistoryderivesitsfactsnotfromhistorythedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirsequencesbutfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoryanddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlivesbutfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendsgoesbeyondhistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibletoandthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasicbeliefofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.48Psychohistoriansconvincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirtheoriesarealsoconvincedthattheirsisthedeepestexplanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortoftruth. Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory;italsoviolatesthepastitself.49Itdeniestothepastanyintegrityandwillofitsowninwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadmanycausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresentthusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.50Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepastitassimilatesalleventspastandpresentintoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances
第二次世界大战后一些发达资本主义国家生产自动化水平达到了空前规模60年代工业机器人的出现使得资本主义生产过程中除了“白领”“蓝领”阶层外又新增了“纲领”即机器人阶层西方经济学家F．马特列在他的技术构成与经济一书中说现代机器和劳动一样创造价值美国社会学家丹尼尔指出“在电子计算机时代技术起决定作用因此马克思所阐述的价值观念也要改变过去是劳动创造价值现在是知识技术创造价值”美国社会学家约翰·奈斯比特在大趋势改变我们生活的十个新方向中指出在信息经济社会里价值的增长不是通过劳动而是通过知识来实现的劳动价值论诞生于工业经济的初期必将被新的“知识价值论”所取代 请分析并回答以上几种观点的错误表现在哪里
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. ByEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Paragraph1theauthormeans
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
根据所学知识分析材料回答问题 材料1“资本主义农业的任何进步都不仅是掠夺劳动者的技巧的进步而且是掠夺土地的技巧的进步在一定时期内提高土地肥力的任何进步同时也是破坏土地肥力持久源泉的进步——一个国家越是以工业化作为自己发展的起点这个破坏过程就越迅速” 摘自马克思恩格斯全集 材料2“我们不要过分得意于我们对自然界的胜利对于我们的每一次这样的胜利自然界都报复了我们每一次的这种胜利第一步我们确实达到预期的结果但第二步和第三步却有了完全不同的意想不到的结果常常正好把第一个结果的意义又取消了” 摘自马克思恩格斯全集 请回答 1结合材料1分析我国在工业化道路中应注意什么 2结合材料2分析应如何正确处理人的主观能动性与客观规律之间的关系 3结合材料1和2阐明可持续发展的哲学意义
LateVictorianandmodernideasofculturearealwaysinsomesenseattributedtoMatthewArnoldwholargelythroughhisCultureandAnarchy1869placedthewordatthecenterofdebatesaboutthegoalsofintellectuallifeandhumanisticsociety.Arnolddefinedcultureasthepursuitoftotalperfectionbymeansofgettingtoknowonallmatterswhichmostconcernusthebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.ItwasArnold’’shopethatthroughthisknowledgewecanturnafreshandfreethoughtuponourstocknotionsandhabits.AlthoughArnold’’sthinkingaboutculturehelpedtodefinethepurposesoftheliberalartscurriculuminthecenturyfollowingthepublicationofCulturethreeconcreteformsofdisagreementwithArnold’’sviewshavehadconsiderableimpactoftheirown. ThefirstcanbeseenasprotestingArnold’’sfearfuldestinationofanarchyasculture’’senemy.Thisdivisionseemstosetupsimplyonemoreversionoftheoldstrugglebetweenaprivilegedpowerstructureandradicalchallengestoitsauthority.Arnoldcertainlytriedtodefinethearch-thelawfulorderofvalue-againstwhathesawasthean-archexistentialistdemocracyyethehimselfwasannoyedinhissoulbytheblindprideofthereactionarypowersinhisworld. AnotherformofoppositionsawArnold’’scultureasanabsurdperpetuationofclassicalandliterarylearningoutlookandprivilegesinaworldwheresciencehadbecomethenewarchandfromwhichanyreallyneworderofthinkingmustdevelop.AtthecenterofthetwoculturesdebatewerethegoalsoftheformalcurriculumintheeducationalsystemwhichisalwaystakentobetheprincipalvehiclethroughwhichArnoldiancultureoperates.HoweverArnoldhimselfhadviewedcultureasenactingitslifeinamuchmorebroadlyconceivedsetofinstitutions. TodayhoweverArnoldiancultureissustainedifindirectlybymulticulturalismamovementaimedlargelyatgainingrecognitionforvoicesandvisionsthatArnoldianculturehasimplicitlysuppressed.Atthelevelofeducationalpracticethemulticulturalistsareinterestedinlesseningthearbitraryauthoritythathighcultureexercisesoverthecurriculumwhilebringingintoplaytheprinciplethatwemustlearnwhatisrepresentativeforwehaveoveremphasizedwhatisexceptional.Themulticulturalists’’conflictwithArnoldianculturehasclearsimilaritiestotheradicalcritique;yetmulticulturalismaffirmsArnoldbyreturningusmorespecificallytoatensioninherentintheideaofcultureratherthantotheculture-anarchydivision. ThesocialcriticsdefendersofscienceandmulticulturalistsinsistthatArnold’’scultureissimplyadevicefororderingusabout.Insteaditisdesignedtoregisterthegatheringofideologicalcloudsonthehorizon.ThereisnoutopianmotiveinArnold’’scelebrationofperfection.TheideaofperfectionmatteredtoArnoldastheonlybackgroundagainstwhichwecouldformajustimageofouractualcircumstancesjustaswecanconceivefinersunsetsandunheardmelodies.ThiscapacitywhichallhumanspossessArnoldmadethefoundationandauthorityofculture. Arnoldwouldmostlikelydisagreewiththestatementthat
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause__________.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
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