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The discovery of life beyond Earth would transform not only our science but also our religions, our ...
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A?becostly??B?beharmful??C?savealife??D?stillopent
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Directions:YouhavejustlearnedthatyourfriendJoehadhisanklesinjuredandwasinhospitalnow.Writealettertohimandyourlettershouldincludethefollowingdetails:1yourconcernabouthisinjury2andyourbestwishesforhisrecovery.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 41
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublicPartyoftheelection
ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 45
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Towardsthesolutiontotheworseningproblemthewriterseemstobe
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.ThewordderangedPara.1denotes
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Theauthorassertsthatremedyingtheearthatmospherewilldependuponothermeasuresthan
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnercoCEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.’Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.’IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof.today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TracyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanOutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.Itcanbelearnedthatthecompanyhasmovedfarfromitsfounder’s
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBotticelli’srepresentationskills
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 43
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnercoCEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.’Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.’IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof.today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TracyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanOutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.IntheeyesoftheauthorIce-T’sCopKillershouldbecondemnedfor
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.SMRsystemsgainanedgeoverotherservicesmostlybyvirtueof
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Whatistheattitudeofthegovernmenttowardsthecurrentsituationinwhichcommercialbanksarecaught
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.ThewordrecuperatePara.5mostprobablymeans
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnercoCEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.’Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.’IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof.today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TracyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanOutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.Itisoftenclaimedthatsomemessagesconveyedinpopularmusic
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Accordingtothetextwhatsurprisesthewriteristhatcommercialbanksfailto
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli’sproductsare
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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