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“脏之长”是指( )
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五脏病各有所恶的所恶是指
不利于五脏病的时令季节
指病人厌恶的饮食居处
五脏病禁忌的治疗方法
五脏之间的相乘相侮
以上皆不是
下列各项属五脏之长的是
心
肺
肝
肾
下列各项属于五行之木者为
五志之怒
五脏之心
六腑之小肠
五季之长夏
脏有寒是指
脏有实邪
脏有寒邪
脾脏有寒
泛指脏有痰饮
内脏阳虚
脏之长是指
脾
肾
肺
肝
心
娇脏指____刚脏指____
所谓子盗母气是指
子脏不足，导致母脏亦虚
母脏火盛，导致子脏火亦盛
疾病的传变，从母脏传及子脏
母脏先病，传及子脏
子脏火盛，致母脏虚
胆又称作
清虚之脏
五脏之长
中正之官
中清之腑
用人之长原理是指什么
五脏六腑的五脏是指
痿论中提出藏之长是指
脾
肺
心
肾
以上都不是
五脏六腑之大主是指娇脏是指
肺又称作
清虚之脏
五脏之长
相傅之官
中清之腑
欲求木之长者必固其根本中的本是指树木的根造字方法为象形
对五藏六府皆令人咳非独肺也的正确理解有
咳嗽不止于肺，然亦不离于肺
肺为咳
他脏亦可致咳
肺乃脏之长
六腑亦可致咳
风为百病之长是指风邪致病病程最长
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简述第一代货币危机理论和第二代货币危机理论的基本内容并将两者做适当比较
Text4Businesstravelersusedtobethecashcowsofthehotelbusiness.Armedwithcorporatecreditcardsandexpenseaccountsthey’dhappilylaydownhundredsofdollarspernightfortheprivilegeofaGodivachocolateontheirpillowandasunkenwhirlpooltubintheirbathroom.Butjustasprolongedcorporatebelttighteninghasforcedroadwarriorstousebudgetairlinesmoreandmoreofthemarenoweschewingfive-starlodginginfavorofcheaperaccommodations.IndeedearlierthisyeartheU.S.-basedNationalBusinessTravelAssociationreleasedfiguresshowingthat61percentofcorporatetravelmanagersplannedtobooktheirpeopleintolower-pricedhotelsinthecomingyear.Here’sthegoodnews:penny-pinchingistranslatingintobetterdealsatcheapandup-markethotelsalike.Servicesatmiddle-markethotelsarerisingtoaccommodateanewwaveofmoredemandingcorporatecustomers.Andluxuryhotelsareworkinghardertokeepbusinesstravelerscomingofferinglowerratesspecialpackagesandextraservices.Eventhoughbusiness-travelvolumeissettorisebymorethan4percentin2004afterthreedismalyearshotelswillcontinuetobeunderpressure--inlargepartbecauseaweakdollarisforcingAmericanbusinesstravelerstosearchforvalue.Someofthebestdealsarecomingfromthebigchains.InJanuaryStarwoodHotelsannounceditwouldupgradeitsglobalmiddle-marketbrandFourPointsbyrollingoutfreehigh-speedwirelessInternetaccessinallguestrooms.OntheflipsideupscalebrandslikeInterContinentalandRitzCarltonaresellingemptyroomsatdiscountratesviaonlineservices.Thathastheeffectofdepressingluxury-roompricesbecausecorporatetravelmanagerscannowdemandthathotelsmatchtheirowndiscountpricesallthetime.InterContinentalhotelsinFranceandGermanyhavebeenhitsohardthattheyareactuallyrepricingtheirroomstoreflectratesbeforethedollarbeganfalling.UpscalehotelslikeWaldorf-AstoriaSofitelarealsotryingtoofferextraservices.Butbewareofnewhiddenfees.Inanefforttomakeupsomeoftheirlostrevenuehotelsarestartingtochargecorporatetravelersforthingsthatusedtobefree--includingbreakfastbanquetormeetingrooms.Asidefromsavingcompaniesmoneythetrendinfrugalbusinesstravelmaygiverisetoawholenewmarketsegment:thebuy-to-lethotelroomLastweekinLondonBritishpropertydeveloperJohnnySandelsonlaunchedGuestInvestahotelinNottingHillwhereuserscanpurchasearoomfor￡235000useitforamaximumof52nightsayearthemselvesthenrentitouttherestofthetimetomakeextramoney.Itseemsanideawhosetimehascome:GuestInvestsaysithasalreadyfieldedhundredsofcallsfrombusinesspeopleinterestedinmakingacheaperhoteltheirsecondhome. Howdohotelsreacttothepenny-pinchingpolicy
Text3CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate.TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source.ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment.SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement.UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees.FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. Microsoftcompanyinthesoftwareworld
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
某投资者进行1000000的利率互换接受半年付息年利息率为6%的固定利率现金流付出6个月LIBOR的浮动利率现金流互换还有15个月的期限3个月9个月和15个月进行支付3个月9个月和15个月的即期LIBOR利率连续复利率分别是5.4%5.6%和5.8%最近一次支付的LIBOR是5%计算这个互换的价值
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
已知某产品的需求函数为Qd=60-2P供给函数为Qs=30+3P1求均衡点的需求弹性和供给弹性2如果政府对每一件产品课以5元的销售税政府的税收收入是多少其中生产者和消费者各分担多少
Text4Businesstravelersusedtobethecashcowsofthehotelbusiness.Armedwithcorporatecreditcardsandexpenseaccountsthey’dhappilylaydownhundredsofdollarspernightfortheprivilegeofaGodivachocolateontheirpillowandasunkenwhirlpooltubintheirbathroom.Butjustasprolongedcorporatebelttighteninghasforcedroadwarriorstousebudgetairlinesmoreandmoreofthemarenoweschewingfive-starlodginginfavorofcheaperaccommodations.IndeedearlierthisyeartheU.S.-basedNationalBusinessTravelAssociationreleasedfiguresshowingthat61percentofcorporatetravelmanagersplannedtobooktheirpeopleintolower-pricedhotelsinthecomingyear.Here’sthegoodnews:penny-pinchingistranslatingintobetterdealsatcheapandup-markethotelsalike.Servicesatmiddle-markethotelsarerisingtoaccommodateanewwaveofmoredemandingcorporatecustomers.Andluxuryhotelsareworkinghardertokeepbusinesstravelerscomingofferinglowerratesspecialpackagesandextraservices.Eventhoughbusiness-travelvolumeissettorisebymorethan4percentin2004afterthreedismalyearshotelswillcontinuetobeunderpressure--inlargepartbecauseaweakdollarisforcingAmericanbusinesstravelerstosearchforvalue.Someofthebestdealsarecomingfromthebigchains.InJanuaryStarwoodHotelsannounceditwouldupgradeitsglobalmiddle-marketbrandFourPointsbyrollingoutfreehigh-speedwirelessInternetaccessinallguestrooms.OntheflipsideupscalebrandslikeInterContinentalandRitzCarltonaresellingemptyroomsatdiscountratesviaonlineservices.Thathastheeffectofdepressingluxury-roompricesbecausecorporatetravelmanagerscannowdemandthathotelsmatchtheirowndiscountpricesallthetime.InterContinentalhotelsinFranceandGermanyhavebeenhitsohardthattheyareactuallyrepricingtheirroomstoreflectratesbeforethedollarbeganfalling.UpscalehotelslikeWaldorf-AstoriaSofitelarealsotryingtoofferextraservices.Butbewareofnewhiddenfees.Inanefforttomakeupsomeoftheirlostrevenuehotelsarestartingtochargecorporatetravelersforthingsthatusedtobefree--includingbreakfastbanquetormeetingrooms.Asidefromsavingcompaniesmoneythetrendinfrugalbusinesstravelmaygiverisetoawholenewmarketsegment:thebuy-to-lethotelroomLastweekinLondonBritishpropertydeveloperJohnnySandelsonlaunchedGuestInvestahotelinNottingHillwhereuserscanpurchasearoomfor￡235000useitforamaximumof52nightsayearthemselvesthenrentitouttherestofthetimetomakeextramoney.Itseemsanideawhosetimehascome:GuestInvestsaysithasalreadyfieldedhundredsofcallsfrombusinesspeopleinterestedinmakingacheaperhoteltheirsecondhome. Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Text2JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono.Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway."Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica.FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. AnimmediateandeffectiveactionthatSachs-ledcommissiontookisto
Text2JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono.Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway."Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica.FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. Accordingtothetextsustainableeconomy
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice"Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead."Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa.ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. WecaninferthatthekeyfeatureofNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityisthat
设某国某年国民收入的经济数据为单位10亿美元 1用支出法计算GDP 2计算国内生产净值 3简述狭义国民收入的计算方法并比较与广义国民收入的区别 4用两种方法计算狭义的国民收入
已知某国的资本存量在年初时为2000亿元该国在本年度生产了500亿元的资本品资本消耗折扣是300亿元这样该国在本年度的总投资和净投资分别是
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice"Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead."Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa.ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. Studentschoosetostayclosertohomemainlybecauseof
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice"Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead."Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa.ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. WhathashappenedtotheU.SandBritainintermsofoverseasstudents
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation.4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert.Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms.Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage.AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface.Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate.TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source.ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment.SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement.UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees.FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. Theopen-sourcemovementisbasedontheideathat
弧弹性系数对曲线型需求曲线的点弹性系数的估计在下列哪种情况发生时将得到改善
已知充分就业的国民收入是10000亿元实际国民收入是9800亿元边际消费倾向是80%在增加100亿元的投资后经济将发生
根据国际货币基金组织的贷款条件原则其在国际收支调节中看重的是
下列哪项不属于基础货币的投放渠道
Text3CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate.TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source.ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment.SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement.UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees.FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheOSAF
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