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Text 4 Until recently, the common factor in all the science used to figure out if a piece of ar...
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Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.2
ThegovernmentpanelthatsetsU.S.vaccinepolicyalreadyhasbegundiscussing"universalimmunization’*asawaytoboostvaccinationratesandreduceflu-linkedsicknessanddeathDr.ScottHarperofthefederalCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidatavaccinemeetingthisweek. 41______. Harperacknowledgedthattherecentcrisismomentarilyupstageduniversalimmunizationdiscussionsbutsaiditremainsaviableproposal. 42______. Thevaccinemeetingheldeveryyearseekstosetanagendafortheupcomingfluseason.Participants—manywithafinancialstakeingettingmorepeoplevaccinated—saidtheuniversalvaccinationpushislikelytocomewithinthenextfiveyears. 43______. Alsofluvaccineisalteredeveryyearbecausetherearealwaysdifferentflustrainscirculating.Theunusedvaccineisdiscardedatseason’sendmakingflushotsfinanciallyunappealingformanufacturers. 44______. SanofiPasteur’sPhilipHosbachsaidthecompanyhastwoidleU.S.factories"becausethere’snotthereturnontheinvestment.’Universalvaccinationcouldinthelongtermhelpstabilizesupplyifitincreaseddemandhesaid. 45______. Demandhashistoricallybeenaproblemtoo.Millionsoftheat-riskpatientsroutinelyskipannualshots.Somepeopleworrythevaccineisn’tsafeortheysimplydon’tlikeshotsbutmanyalsounderestimatetheseriousnessofflusaidDr.AnnO’MalleyaresearcherattheCenterforStudyingHealthSystemChange. A."Partofourjobistojustkeepthisissueontheradarscreen"Harpertoldvaccineprovidersdistributorsandmanufacturersatthenationalfluvaccinesummithere. B.SofaronlyonecompanySanofiPasteurislicensedtomakeU.S.fluvaccinefortheupcomingseasonthoughpublichealthofficialshopetwoothersincludingChironwillsoongainapproval. C.Estimatessuggestthatinanaverageyearfluinfectsabout82millionpeoplenationwidehospitalizes200000andkills36000. D.Dr.HerbYoungoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicianssaidrecommendingshotsforeveryonecouldeasetheconfusionandthathisgroupismovingtowardsupportingtheidea. E.Thehurdlessomeobserverssayaredaunting.Unstablesupplyisoneofthebiggest.Thisyearthebestcasescenario—havingabout90millionshotsavailable—isn’tevenenoughforthe180millionhigh-riskpeopleadvisedtogetshotsletalonethetotalpopulationof280million. F.Theendofachaoticseasonwheremanypeopleseekingflushotswereturnedawaybecauseofashortagemightseemanoddtimetobroachtheideaofvaccinatingevenmorepeople. G.ButIraLonginianEmeryUniversitybiostatisticianwhospecializesinvaccineanalysissaiduniversalvaccinationwouldbeunworkableunlesssupplyproblemscanberesolved. 42
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing.AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthismusespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Coodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 44
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.10
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmore.joblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastyandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.
Text3 Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills. Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded. NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlyearedforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY."Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamily"theshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause. AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamong theestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestate-regulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife. Inawide-ranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange—frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporate-runcenterswithscoresofbedsandmanylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate. Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes. TheauthormentionedRinaldi'sdeathinthetextinorderto
Text3 Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills. Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded. NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlyearedforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY."Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamily"theshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause. AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamong theestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestate-regulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife. Inawide-ranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange—frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporate-runcenterswithscoresofbedsandmanylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate. Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Theinventionofirrigationismeaningfulbecauseitcouldhelpto
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.4
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. Theauthor'spositiveattitudetowardsMilano'sworkisshownin
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.12
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Fromthefirstfourparagraphswecaninferthatthedawnofcivilization
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmore.joblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastyandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness.
Text4 Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofas"civilization". Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit. Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldry!0eriodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities. Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheelieh6hasitishistory. Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis. Whichoffollowingtendstowarmtheclimate
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmore.joblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastyandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted.
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. ThelastbarrierParA．3mentionedinMelano'se-mailrefersto
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.18
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.6
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. IntermsofthefutureofthepropertymarketMr.Perryseems
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. Welearnfromthepassagethat
Text1 TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandtheis772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops—trainedtoblessnottobudget—lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimilliondollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocoveris85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. TheyknowhowthisfeelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome"saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether.’ WhichofthefollowingreflectsthechangeofCatholicChurch
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing.AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthismusespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Coodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 42
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.20
Text1 TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandtheis772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops—trainedtoblessnottobudget—lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimilliondollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocoveris85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. TheyknowhowthisfeelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome"saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether.’ Therelationshipbetweenthefirsttwoparagraphscanbedescribedas
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.16
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.8
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.14
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. ThequotationsinParagraph4areintendedto
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