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Text 2 Now that many media chieftains have fallen into disrepute and have left, those who are s...
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AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 20
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. Theauthorsaystherhetoricissofteningtoshowthat
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsasRogerandMeGeneralMotorsSuperSizeMeMcDonald’sorWal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice.
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 6
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 10
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 4
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 16
Weofferheresomeprinciplesforteachingextensivereadingasatoolforprofessionaldevelopment.Thesearewhatwebelievethebasicingredientsofextensivereading.Weencourageteacherstousethemasawaytoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutreadingingeneralandextensivereadinginparticularandthewaystheyteachforeignlanguagereading.Weposittheseprinciplesinthehopesthatotherswillconsiderthemandreacttothem. 41Thereadingmaterialiseasy. Thisclearlyseparatesextensivereadingfromotherapproachestoteachingforeignlanguagereading.Forextensivereadingtobepossibleandforittohavethedesiredresultstextsmustbewellwithinthelearners’readingcompetenceintheforeignlanguage. 42Avarietyofreadingmaterialonawiderangeoftopicsmustbeavailable. Thesuccessofextensivereadingdependslargelyonenticingstudentstoread.Toawakenorencourageadesiretoreadthetextsmadeavailableshouldideallybeasvariedasthelearnerswhoreadthemandthepurposesforwhichtheywanttoread. 43Learnerschoosewhattheywanttoread. Theprincipleoffreedomofchoicemeansthatlearnerscanselecttextsastheydointheirownlanguagethatistheycanchoosetextstheyexpecttounderstandtoenjoyortolearnfrom.Correlativetothisprinciplelearnersarealsofreeindeedencouragedtostopreadinganythingtheyfindtobetoodifficultorthatturnsoutnottobeofinterest. 44Learnersreadasmuchaspossible. Thisisthe"extensive"ofextensivereadingmadepossiblebythepreviousprinciples.Themostcriticalelementinlearningtoreadistheamountoftimespentactuallyreading. Thepurposeofreadingisusuallyrelatedtopleasureinformationandgeneralunderstanding. Inanextensivereadingapproachlearnersareencouragedtoreadforthesamekindsofreasonsandinthesamewaysasthegeneralpopulationoffirst-languagereaders.Thissetsextensivereadingapartfromusualclassroompracticeontheonehandandreadingforacademicpurposesontheother.Onehundredpercentcomprehensionindeedanyparticularobjectivelevelofcomprehensionisnotagoal.Intermsofreadingoutcomesthefocusshiftsawayfromcomprehensionachievedorknowledgegainedandtowardsthereader’spersonalexperience. 45Readingspeedisusuallyfasterratherthanslower. Whenlearnersarereadingmaterialthatiswellwithintheirlinguisticabilityforpersonalinterestandforgeneralratherthanacademicpurposesitisanincentivetoreadingfluency. Wehopethattheseprincipleswillgiveteachersfoodforthoughtandreflectionastheyconsidertheirbeliefsabouthowbesttohelptheirstudentsbecomeproficientforeign-languagereaders. [A]Thelearners’experienceofreadingthetextisatthecenteroftheextensivereadingexperiencejustasitisinreadingineverydaylife.Forthisreasonextensivereadingisnotusuallyfollowedbycomprehensionquestions.Itisanexperiencecompleteinitself.Atthesametimeteachersmayaskstudentstocompletefollow-upactivitiesbasedontheirreading.Suchactivitieswhilerespectingtheintegrityofstudents’readingexperiencesextendthemininterestingandusefulways. [B]Booksmagazinesnewspapersfictionnon-fictiontextsthatinformtextsthatentertaingeneralspecializedlightserious. [C]Inhelpingbeginningreadersselecttextsthatarewellwithintheirreadingcomfortzonemorethanoneortwounknownwordsperpagemightmakethetexttoodifficultforoverallunderstanding.Intermediatelearnersmightusetheruleofhand--nomorethanfivedifficultwordsperpage. [D]Nuttallnotesthat"speedenjoymentandcomprehensionarecloselylinkedwithoneanother".Shedescribes"Theviciouscircleoftheweakreader:Readsslowly;Doesn’tenjoyreading;Doesn’treadmuch;Doesn’tunderstand;Readsslowly..."andsoon.Extensivereadingcanhelpreaders"enterinsteadthecycleofgrowth...Thevirtuouscircleofthegoodreader:Readsfaster;Readsmore;Understandsbetter;Enjoysreading;Readsfaster...". [E]Thereisnoupperlimittotheamountofreadingthatcanbedonebutabookaweekisprobablytheminimumamountofreadingnecessarytoachievethebenefitsofextensivereadingandtoestablishareadinghabit. [F]WhatHenrynoticedaboutherkevel-1non-readingundergraduatesisnolesstrueinforeignlanguagereading:"Mystudentsneededtoreadforthemselvesnotforme."Forstudentsusedtoworkingwithtextbooksandteacher-selectedtextsthefreedomtochoosereadingmaterialandfreedomtostopreadingmaybeacrucialstepinexperiencingforeignlanguagereadingassomethingpersonal. 44
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. FromtheintroductionoftheSturgiseswelearnthat
Weofferheresomeprinciplesforteachingextensivereadingasatoolforprofessionaldevelopment.Thesearewhatwebelievethebasicingredientsofextensivereading.Weencourageteacherstousethemasawaytoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutreadingingeneralandextensivereadinginparticularandthewaystheyteachforeignlanguagereading.Weposittheseprinciplesinthehopesthatotherswillconsiderthemandreacttothem. 41Thereadingmaterialiseasy. Thisclearlyseparatesextensivereadingfromotherapproachestoteachingforeignlanguagereading.Forextensivereadingtobepossibleandforittohavethedesiredresultstextsmustbewellwithinthelearners’readingcompetenceintheforeignlanguage. 42Avarietyofreadingmaterialonawiderangeoftopicsmustbeavailable. Thesuccessofextensivereadingdependslargelyonenticingstudentstoread.Toawakenorencourageadesiretoreadthetextsmadeavailableshouldideallybeasvariedasthelearnerswhoreadthemandthepurposesforwhichtheywanttoread. 43Learnerschoosewhattheywanttoread. Theprincipleoffreedomofchoicemeansthatlearnerscanselecttextsastheydointheirownlanguagethatistheycanchoosetextstheyexpecttounderstandtoenjoyortolearnfrom.Correlativetothisprinciplelearnersarealsofreeindeedencouragedtostopreadinganythingtheyfindtobetoodifficultorthatturnsoutnottobeofinterest. 44Learnersreadasmuchaspossible. Thisisthe"extensive"ofextensivereadingmadepossiblebythepreviousprinciples.Themostcriticalelementinlearningtoreadistheamountoftimespentactuallyreading. Thepurposeofreadingisusuallyrelatedtopleasureinformationandgeneralunderstanding. Inanextensivereadingapproachlearnersareencouragedtoreadforthesamekindsofreasonsandinthesamewaysasthegeneralpopulationoffirst-languagereaders.Thissetsextensivereadingapartfromusualclassroompracticeontheonehandandreadingforacademicpurposesontheother.Onehundredpercentcomprehensionindeedanyparticularobjectivelevelofcomprehensionisnotagoal.Intermsofreadingoutcomesthefocusshiftsawayfromcomprehensionachievedorknowledgegainedandtowardsthereader’spersonalexperience. 45Readingspeedisusuallyfasterratherthanslower. Whenlearnersarereadingmaterialthatiswellwithintheirlinguisticabilityforpersonalinterestandforgeneralratherthanacademicpurposesitisanincentivetoreadingfluency. Wehopethattheseprincipleswillgiveteachersfoodforthoughtandreflectionastheyconsidertheirbeliefsabouthowbesttohelptheirstudentsbecomeproficientforeign-languagereaders. [A]Thelearners’experienceofreadingthetextisatthecenteroftheextensivereadingexperiencejustasitisinreadingineverydaylife.Forthisreasonextensivereadingisnotusuallyfollowedbycomprehensionquestions.Itisanexperiencecompleteinitself.Atthesametimeteachersmayaskstudentstocompletefollow-upactivitiesbasedontheirreading.Suchactivitieswhilerespectingtheintegrityofstudents’readingexperiencesextendthemininterestingandusefulways. [B]Booksmagazinesnewspapersfictionnon-fictiontextsthatinformtextsthatentertaingeneralspecializedlightserious. [C]Inhelpingbeginningreadersselecttextsthatarewellwithintheirreadingcomfortzonemorethanoneortwounknownwordsperpagemightmakethetexttoodifficultforoverallunderstanding.Intermediatelearnersmightusetheruleofhand--nomorethanfivedifficultwordsperpage. [D]Nuttallnotesthat"speedenjoymentandcomprehensionarecloselylinkedwithoneanother".Shedescribes"Theviciouscircleoftheweakreader:Readsslowly;Doesn’tenjoyreading;Doesn’treadmuch;Doesn’tunderstand;Readsslowly..."andsoon.Extensivereadingcanhelpreaders"enterinsteadthecycleofgrowth...Thevirtuouscircleofthegoodreader:Readsfaster;Readsmore;Understandsbetter;Enjoysreading;Readsfaster...". [E]Thereisnoupperlimittotheamountofreadingthatcanbedonebutabookaweekisprobablytheminimumamountofreadingnecessarytoachievethebenefitsofextensivereadingandtoestablishareadinghabit. [F]WhatHenrynoticedaboutherkevel-1non-readingundergraduatesisnolesstrueinforeignlanguagereading:"Mystudentsneededtoreadforthemselvesnotforme."Forstudentsusedtoworkingwithtextbooksandteacher-selectedtextsthefreedomtochoosereadingmaterialandfreedomtostopreadingmaybeacrucialstepinexperiencingforeignlanguagereadingassomethingpersonal. 42
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 8
Text3 Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThestoryofMr.Buffettisnotedtosuggestthat
Text4 RupertMurdochoncedescribedthemasthe"riversofgold"--thelucrativeclassified-advertisingrevenuesthatflowedintobignewspapergroups.ButthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedonlineastheInternetbreaksthegripthatlocalandregionalnewspapersonceheldovertheiradvertisingmarkets. Typicallyalocalnewspaperwouldexpecttogetsome80%ofitsrevenuefromadvertisingofwhicharoundtwo-thirdswouldcomefromclassifieds.ButlastyearintheSanFranciscoBayareajobadsworthsome$60mwerelostfromnewspaperstothewebreckonsClassifiedIntelligenceaconsultancy.EmapaBritishpublisherrecentlygavewarningofa30%declineinrecruitmentadsinoneofitstitlesNursingTimesfollowingthelaunchofafreewebsiteforjobsinBritain’sNationalHealthService. TheInternethasbecomethefastest-growingadvertisingmedium.Onlineadrevenuesreached$5.8billioninthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearinAmericaup26%onthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoajointstudybytheInteractiveAdvertisingBureauandPricewaterhouse-Coopers.InBritainonlineadrevenuessurgedby62%inthesameperiodtoalmost￡500m$870m. Searchadvertising--thesmalltext-adsthatappearalongsideGoogleandYahoo!searches--accountfor40%oftheonlineadmarket.Another20%goestodisplayadsand18%toclassifiedadvertising.Butsearchadvertisingcanalsoworklikeasmalladandwillincreasinglychallengeprintclassifiedsaswebsitesdeveloplocalizedandmoreelaborateservicesforonlineusers. PerhapsthemostsignificantdevelopmentcameonNovember16thwhenGooglestartedupaprototypeservicecalledGoogleBase.Itoffersasearchabledatabaseoffreelistingsincludingsmalladswhichcanbenarroweddowntopostalregions.AmongitsfirstOfferingswereusedcars.InnotimeGooglecouldchallengeeBaywhoseownauctionlistingsnowworkmuchlikeagiantclassifiedwebsite--especiallywithits"buy-it-now"options.ButeBaychargessellers.Evensoitsoldmorethan450mitemsinthethreemonthstoSeptember30thforalmost$11billion. Inresponsemostprintpublishersareexpandingonline.Mr.MurdochisbuyingwebsitesincludingPropertyfinderandMySpaceasocial-networkingsite.NewspapergroupshaveteameduptojointlyoperatewebsitestocompetewithMonsterforrecruitmentads.Buttheonlineoperatorsareexpandingtoo.eBayforinstanceisbuildingaglobalnetworkofclassifiedsitesundertheKijijibrand.ItalsohasastakeinthepopularCraigs-listwhichhavingsoakedupsomanylistingsarounditsSanFranciscohomeisnowfrighteningothernewspapersasitexpandsitsmostly-freeadsservicetoothercitiesaroundtheworld. Thechallengethatnewspapersfacedfromthewebsiteis
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 2
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 18
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.BysayingNowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Line3Paragraph3Philimplies______.
Whencompetitionisfierceandelbowsareflyingnothingismorenaturalthanthedesiretoclimbatoptheheap.Thebiggestfirmsinmostindustrieshaveanedge.Theyprobablybecamethebiggestbybeingthebest.46Theytendtobecomemoreefficientastheygrowreapingeconomiesofscalethusincreasingtheirmarginsandtheiradvantageoversmallerrivals.Beinglargeenoughtoshapeanindustrycanhelp.Andwhenthenationalchampionisfalteringthereisafairchancepoliticianswillconsiderittoobigtofail. 47Soyoumightthinkthatit’stimetocrackopenafewcansofthestuffatPepsiCowhichthisweeksurpassedCoca-Colainmarketvalueforthefirsttimein112yearsofcrazycompetition.AndyetwithoutwishingtospoilPepsi’spartythecaseforcelebrationisnotsoclear-cut.AsAmericahasdiscoveredinthegeopoliticsbusinessbeingnumberoneisnotmuchfun. Assoonasafirmclimbsabovethesharpelbowsofitsrivalsitstartsgettingpeltedwiththeeggsofanti-businessactivists.Peoplewhohatebigbusinessaimhigh.48SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers.Andwhenwasthelasttimeyousawananti-globalizationmobdestroyaBurgerKingoutlet 49UnlikeMicrosoftwhichisloathedbymanyforitsmonopolypowerApplehasnothadtocontendwiththousandsofyounghackersfightingtopokeholesinthesecurityofitsoperatingsystems.WhileNikewasinundatedwithcomplaintsaboutits"sweatshops"inpoorcountriesAdidassteadilyimproveditsbrandandhasrecentlyacquiredReeboktoemergeasastrongnumbertwo.IfonlyEbenezerScroogehadlivedacrosstownfromabiggerrivaltheghostsofChristmasmighthavepickedontheotherguyandleftthepoorcurmudgeontoagoodnight’ssleep. Asprotestersgetbetteratrunningmediacampaignsthesecond-bestadvantagemayevenbegrowing.50FirmssuchasFordBurgerKingandTargetdonothavedocumentary-makersqueuinguptoattacktheminsuchfilmsas"RogerandMe"GeneralMotors"SuperSizeMe"McDonald’sor"Wal-Mart:TheHighCostofLowPrice".Eveniftherunner-updoesgetcaughtdoingsomethingunpopularitcanpintheblameonmercilesscompetitionfromtheevilnumberone. SowhilebigbadWal-MartismockedTargethasinthepastcoupleofyearseasilycutthebenefitsofitsnon-unionworkers
Text3 Inmorethanacenturyofhand-to-handcombatinshopssupermarketaislesrestaurantsandbarsaroundtheworldCoca-ColahasnearlyalwaysbeenintheleadandPepsiinsecondplace.WhenWarrenBuffettCoke’slong-timeinvestortoldtheboardthathehadvisitedapizzaparlourinOmahaNebraskawithhisgrandsononlytodiscoveritservednothingbutPepsiCoke’sbossesactedswiftlytoremovetheirarch-rivalfromthemenuandreplaceitwithCoke. IfonlytheAtlanta-basedcompanyhadmovedasdeterminedlyinresponsetochangingconsumertastesitmighthaveavoidedahumiliatingreversalinfortunes.OnDecember12thPepsiCoovertookCoca-Colainmarketcapitalisationforthefirsttime.WithPepsiCo’ssharepricehavingrisenby14%thisyearitsstockmarketvaluereached$98.4billioncomparedwith$97.9billionforCoca-Colawhichhasseenitssharesdeclineby1.2%inthesameperiod. Pepsiispowerednotbyitstraditionalfizzydrinks--salesofthoseareflat--butsuchproductsasGatoradeasportsdrinkthathasseensalesgrowbymorethan30%.GatoradealsorepresentsabroaderdiversificationbyPepsiCoawayfromarelianceonsugarycolasandintootherproducts.PepsiConowreportedlygetsaround20%ofitsrevenuefromsoftdrinksunlikeCoca-Colawheretheyaccountforsome80%. ManyofthebrandsthatPepsiCohasbeenacquiringandpromotingappealtoconsumers’concernsabouttheirhealth.PepsiCo’slatestadvertisingprogrammepromotesanew"SmartSpot"symbolwhichallowspeopletoidentifyhealthierproducts.ThespotsarebeingattachedtoGatoradeandotherPepsiCobrandssuchasTropicanaorangejuiceAquafinawaterbakedlay’scrispsandQuakerGranolaBars. Coca-Colawillnowtrytoregainthecrown.Havingenduredvarioustroublesandtwochiefexecutivessincethedeathin1997ofRobertoGoizuetaamuch-admiredbossCokebroughtaveteranNevilleIsdelloutofretirementlastyeartoreinvigoratethecompany.Mr.Isdellknowsathingortwoaboutbeinginsecondplace.Inthe1980shetookCokefromthenumbertwospotinthePhilippinestomoveaheadofPepsi. Mr.IsdellhasCoke’sownsportsdrinkPoweradeinhisportfolio--buthecouldhavehadGatorade.FiveyearsagoanotherfizzydrinkchampagnewasonicetocelebrateCoca-Cola’s$15.8billiontakeoverofQuakerOatsthenownerofGatorade.ThistakeoverwassupposedtoleadCokeintowhatlookedtobeahotnewmarketforhealthdrinks.Butthe"SageofOmaha"asMr.BuffettisknownblockedthedealinpartbecauseitwouldhavedilutedthevalueofCoke’sshares.PepsitookoverQuakerOatsinstead--amemorythatmustleaveMr.BuffettandotherCokeshareholderswithabittertasteintheirmouths. ThetextsuggeststhatMr.Isdell
LargelyforspiritualreasonsNancyManosstartedhome-schoolingherchildrenfiveyearsagoandhasstudiouslyavoidedpublicschoolseversince.Yetlastweekshewasenthusiasticallyenrollingher8-year-olddaughterOliviainsignlanguageandmoderndanceclassesatEagleridgeEnrichment—aprogramrunbytheMesaAriz.publicschoolsandtaughtbydistrictteachers.ManosstillwantstohandlethebasicsbutlikesthatEagleridgeofferstheextrasthingsIcouldn’tteach.Onedoubtthoughlingersinhermind.whywouldthepublicschoolsystemwanttoofferhome-schoolfamiliesanythingAbigpartoftheansweriseconomics.Thenumberofhome-schooledkidsnationwidehasrisentoasmanyas1.9millionfromanestimated345000in1994andschooldistrictsthatgetstateandlocaldollarsperchildarebeginningtosuffer.InMaricopaCountywhichincludesMesathenumberofhome-schooledkidshasmorethandoubledduringthatperiodto7526atabout$4500achildthat’snearly$34millionayearinlostrevenue.Noteveryone’shappywiththeseinnovations.Somestateshavetakentheoppositetack.LikeabouthalfthestatesWestVirginiarefusestoallowhome-schooledkidstoplaypublic-schoolsports.AndinArizonasomecomplainthattheirtaxdollarsarebeingusedtocreateprogramsforfamilieswhoessentiallyeschewparticipationinpubliclife.ThatmakesmyteethgritsaysDaphneAtkesonwhose10-year-oldsonattendspublicschoolinParadiseValley.Evensomecommittedhome-schoolersquestionthenewprogramsgiventheircentralirony.theyturnhome-schoolersintopublic-schoolstudentssaysBobParsonspresidentoftheAlaskaPrivateandHomeEducatorsAssociation.We’velostaboutonethirdofourmemberstothoseprograms.They’resoenticing.MesastartedEagleridgefouryearsagowhenitsawhowmuchmoneyitwaslosingfromhomeschoolers—andhowunpreparedsomestudentswerewhentheyre-enteredtheschools.Sinceitbegantheprogram’senrollmenthasnearlydoubledto397andlastyearthedistrictmovedEagleridgetoastripmallbetweenapizzajointandalaser-tagarcade.Parentstypicallydropofftheirkidsonceaweek;becausemostofthechildrenqualifyasquarter-timestudentsthedistrictcollects$911perchild.It’slikegettingatasteofwhatrealschoolislikesays10-year-oldChadLucaswho’slearningcomputeranimationandcreativewriting.Otherschooldistrictsarealsoexperimentingwithnovelwaystocourthomeschoolers.ThetownofGalenaAlaskapop.600hasjust178students.Butin1997itsschooladministratorsfiguredtheycouldreachbeyondtheirborders.Undertheprogramthedistrictgiveshome-schoolingfamiliesfreecomputersandInternetserviceforcorrespondenceclasses.Inreturnthedistrictgets$3100perstudentenrolledintheprogram—$9.6millionayearwhichithasusedpartlyforanewvocationalschool.Suchalternativesjustmightappealtootherdistricts.ErnestFeltyheadofHardinCountyschoolsinsouthernIllinoishas10home-schooledpupils.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch—exceptthathehasastaffof68andat$4500achildthat’sprobablyateacher’ssalaryFehysays.Withtherightroboticsorartclassthoughhecouldtakethehomeoutofhomeschooling.Thepublicschoolsystemwantstoofferhome-schoolfamiliessomethingbecause______.
Text2 JamesandBonnieSturgisarethekindofparentsanyschoolwouldliketoclaim.He’shighlyeducatedhasfourdegrees.She’sanenergeticstay-at-homemomwhospendshourseachweekcartingtheirfourchildrentoactivitiesneartheirPalmBeachCountyFla.home. Theyareinvolvedparentscommittedtotheirchildren’seducation--justnotcommittedtothepublicschools. TheSturgisesarehome-schoolerspartofagrowingmovementthatrejectsmanyofthepractices-andattimestheverypremises--ofpubliceducation.Home-schoolersbelievethatparentsarethebestteachersthatfamily-centerededucationtrumpsthetypicalK-12experienceanytimethatonlybyseparatingthemselvesfromacumbersomeandsomesaymorallycorruptsystemcantheyretaincontroloftheirchildren’slives. Inthepasttheresponseofmanyschoolboardmembershasbeen:"Iftheydon’twantwhatweofferletthemgo."Andonthoseoccasionswhenhome-schooledstudentsaskedtotryoutforthefootballteamplayinthebandorenrollinhigh-levelscienceclassestheresponsehasoftenbeen"no". Butthat’schanging.Moreschooldistrictsareopeningcoursesandextracurricularactivitiestohome-schoolersandtherhetoricissoftening. Thedistrict’sformerpolicytowardhome-schooling"wasn’tfriendlyatall"saysReneeSessleraboardmemberfortheReynoldsSchoolDistrictnearPortlandOre.."ItsaidWe’renotgoingtodoanythingforyou.’"Lastyeartheboardopenedphysicaleducationmusicprogramsandotheractivitiesandcoursestohome-schoolers. Extracurricularactivitieshavealsobeenopenedtohome-schoolersinPalmBeachCountyanddistrictsthroughoutFloridasinceastatelawwaspassedin1996.Noweveryschoolsysteminthestatehasacoordinatorwhohandlesrelationsbetweenthedistrictandhome-schoolingparents. "Ithinkcertainlyinthelastfiveyearsorsothere’sadifferentclimate"saysMikeSmithpresidentoftheHomeSchoolLegalDefenseAssociationHSLDAwhichadvocatesfortheinterestsofhome-schoolersandgoestocourtontheirbehalf."Noteverywherebutit’schanging." Whythenewattitude’Foronethingit’sgoodpublicrelations.Asanyboardmemberknowsit’sbettertoworkwithdisillusionedparentsthandrivethemfartheraway.Andit’sgoodbusinesstogetaportionofthefull-timeequivalentfundingfortheperiodthathome-schoolersareinschool. Home-schoolersbelievethat
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 14
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.ThekeyfactorcontributingtothedownturnofAmericansuburbanrealestateis______.
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Bysayingbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowersLine3Paragraph4Dr.Fowlerintendstoshowthat______.
Text4 RupertMurdochoncedescribedthemasthe"riversofgold"--thelucrativeclassified-advertisingrevenuesthatflowedintobignewspapergroups.ButthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedonlineastheInternetbreaksthegripthatlocalandregionalnewspapersonceheldovertheiradvertisingmarkets. Typicallyalocalnewspaperwouldexpecttogetsome80%ofitsrevenuefromadvertisingofwhicharoundtwo-thirdswouldcomefromclassifieds.ButlastyearintheSanFranciscoBayareajobadsworthsome$60mwerelostfromnewspaperstothewebreckonsClassifiedIntelligenceaconsultancy.EmapaBritishpublisherrecentlygavewarningofa30%declineinrecruitmentadsinoneofitstitlesNursingTimesfollowingthelaunchofafreewebsiteforjobsinBritain’sNationalHealthService. TheInternethasbecomethefastest-growingadvertisingmedium.Onlineadrevenuesreached$5.8billioninthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearinAmericaup26%onthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoajointstudybytheInteractiveAdvertisingBureauandPricewaterhouse-Coopers.InBritainonlineadrevenuessurgedby62%inthesameperiodtoalmost￡500m$870m. Searchadvertising--thesmalltext-adsthatappearalongsideGoogleandYahoo!searches--accountfor40%oftheonlineadmarket.Another20%goestodisplayadsand18%toclassifiedadvertising.Butsearchadvertisingcanalsoworklikeasmalladandwillincreasinglychallengeprintclassifiedsaswebsitesdeveloplocalizedandmoreelaborateservicesforonlineusers. PerhapsthemostsignificantdevelopmentcameonNovember16thwhenGooglestartedupaprototypeservicecalledGoogleBase.Itoffersasearchabledatabaseoffreelistingsincludingsmalladswhichcanbenarroweddowntopostalregions.AmongitsfirstOfferingswereusedcars.InnotimeGooglecouldchallengeeBaywhoseownauctionlistingsnowworkmuchlikeagiantclassifiedwebsite--especiallywithits"buy-it-now"options.ButeBaychargessellers.Evensoitsoldmorethan450mitemsinthethreemonthstoSeptember30thforalmost$11billion. Inresponsemostprintpublishersareexpandingonline.Mr.MurdochisbuyingwebsitesincludingPropertyfinderandMySpaceasocial-networkingsite.NewspapergroupshaveteameduptojointlyoperatewebsitestocompetewithMonsterforrecruitmentads.Buttheonlineoperatorsareexpandingtoo.eBayforinstanceisbuildingaglobalnetworkofclassifiedsitesundertheKijijibrand.ItalsohasastakeinthepopularCraigs-listwhichhavingsoakedupsomanylistingsarounditsSanFranciscohomeisnowfrighteningothernewspapersasitexpandsitsmostly-freeadsservicetoothercitiesaroundtheworld. Bysayingthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedtheauthormeans
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheopeningparagraph
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. 12
Text4 RupertMurdochoncedescribedthemasthe"riversofgold"--thelucrativeclassified-advertisingrevenuesthatflowedintobignewspapergroups.ButthegoldenriversarebeingdivertedonlineastheInternetbreaksthegripthatlocalandregionalnewspapersonceheldovertheiradvertisingmarkets. Typicallyalocalnewspaperwouldexpecttogetsome80%ofitsrevenuefromadvertisingofwhicharoundtwo-thirdswouldcomefromclassifieds.ButlastyearintheSanFranciscoBayareajobadsworthsome$60mwerelostfromnewspaperstothewebreckonsClassifiedIntelligenceaconsultancy.EmapaBritishpublisherrecentlygavewarningofa30%declineinrecruitmentadsinoneofitstitlesNursingTimesfollowingthelaunchofafreewebsiteforjobsinBritain’sNationalHealthService. TheInternethasbecomethefastest-growingadvertisingmedium.Onlineadrevenuesreached$5.8billioninthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearinAmericaup26%onthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoajointstudybytheInteractiveAdvertisingBureauandPricewaterhouse-Coopers.InBritainonlineadrevenuessurgedby62%inthesameperiodtoalmost￡500m$870m. Searchadvertising--thesmalltext-adsthatappearalongsideGoogleandYahoo!searches--accountfor40%oftheonlineadmarket.Another20%goestodisplayadsand18%toclassifiedadvertising.Butsearchadvertisingcanalsoworklikeasmalladandwillincreasinglychallengeprintclassifiedsaswebsitesdeveloplocalizedandmoreelaborateservicesforonlineusers. PerhapsthemostsignificantdevelopmentcameonNovember16thwhenGooglestartedupaprototypeservicecalledGoogleBase.Itoffersasearchabledatabaseoffreelistingsincludingsmalladswhichcanbenarroweddowntopostalregions.AmongitsfirstOfferingswereusedcars.InnotimeGooglecouldchallengeeBaywhoseownauctionlistingsnowworkmuchlikeagiantclassifiedwebsite--especiallywithits"buy-it-now"options.ButeBaychargessellers.Evensoitsoldmorethan450mitemsinthethreemonthstoSeptember30thforalmost$11billion. Inresponsemostprintpublishersareexpandingonline.Mr.MurdochisbuyingwebsitesincludingPropertyfinderandMySpaceasocial-networkingsite.NewspapergroupshaveteameduptojointlyoperatewebsitestocompetewithMonsterforrecruitmentads.Buttheonlineoperatorsareexpandingtoo.eBayforinstanceisbuildingaglobalnetworkofclassifiedsitesundertheKijijibrand.ItalsohasastakeinthepopularCraigs-listwhichhavingsoakedupsomanylistingsarounditsSanFranciscohomeisnowfrighteningothernewspapersasitexpandsitsmostly-freeadsservicetoothercitiesaroundtheworld. Whatcanbepredictedfromthelastparagraph
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