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Whatdoestheauthortrytoproveinthispassage
A telephone is essential.
What many people think necessary is not necessary at all.
You would not use a telephone unless you were in a hurry.
A car is essential for a taxi-driver.
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河北衡水中学2010届高三英语模拟试卷-----Idon’tcarewhatpeoplethink.
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Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 19
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptionsthebases1thedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobe2inourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresent3memory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeep4availableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"5"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoany6inthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryis7whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffedsomething8inthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchild9toswingabaseballbat. Memory10notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontain11forstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storage12ofacomputer13thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyfor14use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobably15themeaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.16thisisbutafractionofthetotal17ofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforexamplethe18offactsandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuseof19isthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsand20ofwords. 8
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 3
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 9
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 7
Adultstypicallyneedseventoninehoursofsleepeachnighttofeelfullyrestedandfunctionattheirbest.1Americansaregettinglesssleepthantheydidinthepast.A2005NationalSleepFoundationpollfoundthatAmericans26.9hoursofsleeppernightwhichrepresentsadropofabouttwohourspernight3the19thcenturyonehourpernightoverthepast50yearsandabout25minutespernightjustsince2001.4wearenotverygoodatperceivingthe5effectsofsleepdeprivation.ResearchersattheUniversityofPennsylvaniarestricted6tolessthansixhoursinbedpernightfortwoweeks.Thevolunteers7onlyasmallincreaseinsleepinessandthoughttheywere8relativelynormally.Howeverformaltestingshowedthattheircognitiveabilitiesandreactiontimes9declinedduringthetwoweeks.Bytheendofthetwo-weektesttheywereas10assubjectswhohadbeerawake11for48hours.A.durationB.patternC.modeD.habit
AUFOisageneraltermusedforany"unidentifiedflyingobject"intheskywhichcannotbe1byanobserver.MostUFOsremain2assoevenaftertheyhavebeeninvestigated.TheUFOphenomenondatesback3thebeginningofrecordedhistorybutUFOsightingshave4increasedsincethemid1940s. FromUFOvideostoUFOpicturesstoriesandotherreallife5thousandsofpeoplefromall6oflifeclaimtohaveseenthesemysteriousaerialphantoms.ManyUFOsightingsturnouttobenothingatallmereairplanesmeteorsorcomets;7manysightingshavegoneunsolvedfordecadesorevencenturies. Theterm"flyingsaucer"cameinto8useafterAmericanKennethArnoldclaimedaUFOsightingonJune241947nearMountRainierWashington.Arnoldclaimedtohaveseenasmanyasninebrightlylitobjectssoaring9thesky10heestimatedasupto1200milesperhour.Arnoldalsoreportedthattheobjectsappearedtohaveadiscor"saucer"11.12finalconclusionhaseverbeenreachedinthecase. OneofthemostfamousLIFOincidentstodatealsooccurredin1947inRoswellNewMexico.13unidentifieddebriswasrecoveredfromthe14ofaRoswellranchtheRoswellArmyAirfield15astatementsayingthata"flyingdisk"hadbeendiscovered.Theairfield16thestatementjusthourslaterclaimingitwasjustaweatherballoon.Thissparked17andnation-widerumorsofanallegedgovernment18ofanalienLIFOthathadcrashedintheNewMexicodesert.No19proofhasbeenproducedtothisdayto20thattheory. 15
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 11
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 11
AUFOisageneraltermusedforany"unidentifiedflyingobject"intheskywhichcannotbe1byanobserver.MostUFOsremain2assoevenaftertheyhavebeeninvestigated.TheUFOphenomenondatesback3thebeginningofrecordedhistorybutUFOsightingshave4increasedsincethemid1940s. FromUFOvideostoUFOpicturesstoriesandotherreallife5thousandsofpeoplefromall6oflifeclaimtohaveseenthesemysteriousaerialphantoms.ManyUFOsightingsturnouttobenothingatallmereairplanesmeteorsorcomets;7manysightingshavegoneunsolvedfordecadesorevencenturies. Theterm"flyingsaucer"cameinto8useafterAmericanKennethArnoldclaimedaUFOsightingonJune241947nearMountRainierWashington.Arnoldclaimedtohaveseenasmanyasninebrightlylitobjectssoaring9thesky10heestimatedasupto1200milesperhour.Arnoldalsoreportedthattheobjectsappearedtohaveadiscor"saucer"11.12finalconclusionhaseverbeenreachedinthecase. OneofthemostfamousLIFOincidentstodatealsooccurredin1947inRoswellNewMexico.13unidentifieddebriswasrecoveredfromthe14ofaRoswellranchtheRoswellArmyAirfield15astatementsayingthata"flyingdisk"hadbeendiscovered.Theairfield16thestatementjusthourslaterclaimingitwasjustaweatherballoon.Thissparked17andnation-widerumorsofanallegedgovernment18ofanalienLIFOthathadcrashedintheNewMexicodesert.No19proofhasbeenproducedtothisdayto20thattheory. 19
AUFOisageneraltermusedforany"unidentifiedflyingobject"intheskywhichcannotbe1byanobserver.MostUFOsremain2assoevenaftertheyhavebeeninvestigated.TheUFOphenomenondatesback3thebeginningofrecordedhistorybutUFOsightingshave4increasedsincethemid1940s. FromUFOvideostoUFOpicturesstoriesandotherreallife5thousandsofpeoplefromall6oflifeclaimtohaveseenthesemysteriousaerialphantoms.ManyUFOsightingsturnouttobenothingatallmereairplanesmeteorsorcomets;7manysightingshavegoneunsolvedfordecadesorevencenturies. Theterm"flyingsaucer"cameinto8useafterAmericanKennethArnoldclaimedaUFOsightingonJune241947nearMountRainierWashington.Arnoldclaimedtohaveseenasmanyasninebrightlylitobjectssoaring9thesky10heestimatedasupto1200milesperhour.Arnoldalsoreportedthattheobjectsappearedtohaveadiscor"saucer"11.12finalconclusionhaseverbeenreachedinthecase. OneofthemostfamousLIFOincidentstodatealsooccurredin1947inRoswellNewMexico.13unidentifieddebriswasrecoveredfromthe14ofaRoswellranchtheRoswellArmyAirfield15astatementsayingthata"flyingdisk"hadbeendiscovered.Theairfield16thestatementjusthourslaterclaimingitwasjustaweatherballoon.Thissparked17andnation-widerumorsofanallegedgovernment18ofanalienLIFOthathadcrashedintheNewMexicodesert.No19proofhasbeenproducedtothisdayto20thattheory. 17
AUFOisageneraltermusedforany"unidentifiedflyingobject"intheskywhichcannotbe1byanobserver.MostUFOsremain2assoevenaftertheyhavebeeninvestigated.TheUFOphenomenondatesback3thebeginningofrecordedhistorybutUFOsightingshave4increasedsincethemid1940s. FromUFOvideostoUFOpicturesstoriesandotherreallife5thousandsofpeoplefromall6oflifeclaimtohaveseenthesemysteriousaerialphantoms.ManyUFOsightingsturnouttobenothingatallmereairplanesmeteorsorcomets;7manysightingshavegoneunsolvedfordecadesorevencenturies. Theterm"flyingsaucer"cameinto8useafterAmericanKennethArnoldclaimedaUFOsightingonJune241947nearMountRainierWashington.Arnoldclaimedtohaveseenasmanyasninebrightlylitobjectssoaring9thesky10heestimatedasupto1200milesperhour.Arnoldalsoreportedthattheobjectsappearedtohaveadiscor"saucer"11.12finalconclusionhaseverbeenreachedinthecase. OneofthemostfamousLIFOincidentstodatealsooccurredin1947inRoswellNewMexico.13unidentifieddebriswasrecoveredfromthe14ofaRoswellranchtheRoswellArmyAirfield15astatementsayingthata"flyingdisk"hadbeendiscovered.Theairfield16thestatementjusthourslaterclaimingitwasjustaweatherballoon.Thissparked17andnation-widerumorsofanallegedgovernment18ofanalienLIFOthathadcrashedintheNewMexicodesert.No19proofhasbeenproducedtothisdayto20thattheory. 13
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 13
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 19
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 7
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 1
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptionsthebases1thedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobe2inourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresent3memory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeep4availableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"5"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoany6inthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryis7whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffedsomething8inthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchild9toswingabaseballbat. Memory10notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontain11forstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storage12ofacomputer13thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyfor14use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobably15themeaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.16thisisbutafractionofthetotal17ofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforexamplethe18offactsandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuseof19isthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsand20ofwords. 2
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 3
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 17
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 5
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptionsthebases1thedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobe2inourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresent3memory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeep4availableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"5"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoany6inthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryis7whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffedsomething8inthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchild9toswingabaseballbat. Memory10notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontain11forstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storage12ofacomputer13thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyfor14use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobably15themeaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.16thisisbutafractionofthetotal17ofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforexamplethe18offactsandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuseof19isthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsand20ofwords. 10
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptionsthebases1thedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobe2inourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresent3memory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeep4availableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"5"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoany6inthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryis7whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffedsomething8inthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchild9toswingabaseballbat. Memory10notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontain11forstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storage12ofacomputer13thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyfor14use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobably15themeaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.16thisisbutafractionofthetotal17ofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforexamplethe18offactsandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuseof19isthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsand20ofwords. 6
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 17
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 5
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 13
Itiswidelyknownthatbirdslearntoflythroughpracticegradually1theirinnateabilityintoafinelytunedskill.2arecentstudyconductedbytheUniversityofSheffield’sDepartmentofPsychologyhasdiscoveredthatthereasonbirdslearntoflysoeasilyisbecausememoriesmayhavebeenleftbehindbytheirancestors.Theseskillsmaybeeasytoenhancebecauseofa3specifiedlatent4forflying. Theresearchersusedsimplemodelsofbrainscalled5neuralnetworksandcomputer6totesthistheory.Theydiscoveredthatlearningin7generations8inducestheformationofalatentmemoryinthecurrentgenerationand9decreasestheamountoflearningrequired.Theseeffectsareespeciallypronouncedifthereisalargebiological"fitnesscost"tolearningwherebiologicalfitnessismeasuredintermsofthenumberof10eachindividualhas. Thebeneficialeffectsoflearningalso11theunusualformofinformationstorageinneuralnetworks.12computerswhichstoreeachitemofinformationinaspecificlocationinthecomputer’smemorychipneuralnetworksstoreeachitem13overmanyneuronalconnections.14informationisstoredinthiswaythen15isacceleratedexplaininghowcomplexmotorskillssuchasnestbuildingandhuntingskillsare16byacombinationofinnateabilityandlearningovermanygenerations. Theresearchersconcludedthatthisnewtheoryhasits17inideas18byJamesBaldwinin1896whofirstlymadethecounter-intuitiveargumentthatlearningwithineachgenerationcouldguideevolutionofinnatebehavioroverfuturegenerations.Baldwinwasright19inwayslesssophisticatedthanhecouldhaveimaginedbecauseconcepts20artificialneuralnetworksanddistributedrepresentationswerenotknowninhistime. 15
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 1
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 9
Onereasonhumanbeingscanthriveinallkindsofclimatesisthattheycancontrolthequalitiesoftheairintheenclosedspacesinwhichtheylive.Airconditioningistheuseofmechanicalsystemsto1thatcontrolinsuchplaces2homesofficestheatersinstitutionsfactoriesairplanesandautomobiles.Themostfamiliartypeofairconditioningissummertimecooling.Althoughimportantthisis3oneofseveralaspectsofairconditioning.Otherapplications4.thecontrolofthehumidityorairmoisturecleanlinesscirculationoftheairandheating. Testshave5thatpeoplegenerallyfeelbest6certaintemperaturehumidityandairvelocityconditions.Temperaturescan7from21.5°Cwith70percentrelativehumidityto28°Cwith30percentrelativehumidity.Relativehumidityisthe8ofmoistureintheair9aspecifictemperaturecompared10theamountitcouldholdatthattemperature.11airvelocitiesrangefrom4.5to10.5metersperminute.Itisalsodesirablethatanairconditioner12dustpollensmokeandodorsfromtheair. Inmanyindustrialenvironmentsairconditioningisessential.Mostprintshopsforexample13constanthumidityinordertocontrolpapershrinkageand14the15operationinsomeprocesses.Librariesespeciallyoneswithrarebooksrequireaircontrolto16thephysicalqualityoftheircollections.Bakeriesandthetobaccoandcottonindustriesrequirehighhumidity17theirproductsandperishablessuchasfruitsmustbestoredincooldryrooms.Someelectroniccomponentsdrugsandchemicalsmustbemanufactured18theairisasfreeaspossible19dustandotherparticles.Airconditioningis20inhospitalsespeciallyinoperatingrooms. 15
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptionsthebases1thedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobe2inourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresent3memory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeep4availableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"5"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoany6inthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryis7whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffedsomething8inthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchild9toswingabaseballbat. Memory10notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontain11forstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storage12ofacomputer13thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyfor14use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobably15themeaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.16thisisbutafractionofthetotal17ofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforexamplethe18offactsandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuseof19isthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsand20ofwords. 4
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