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各国风俗习惯千差万别，大部分国家以摇头表示否定，以点头表示肯定，而阿尔巴尼亚人则以摇头表示肯定，以点头表示否定。绝大部分行握手礼的国家都伸出右手，但印度却相反，如果要握手必须用左手。许多非洲国家有的以...
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人类之所以千差万别就是由于教育之故
洛克认为人类之所以千差万别就是由于教育之故
摇头在大部分国家都是不的意思但在有的国家却是相反的意思如.
保加利亚和印度南部
阿根廷
印度尼西亚
阿尔及利亚
世界各国的风俗习惯千差万别大部分国家以摇头表示否定以点头表示肯定而阿尔巴尼亚人则以摇头表示肯定以点头
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虽然世界各国的税制千差万别但还是有一些相通的原则包括税收的公平原则税源地区原则条文对等表达原则税收抵
工业化既是一个历史范畴也是一个世界范畴虽然各国情况千差万别但各个国家实现工业化的标准和道路都是一样的
世界各国的风俗习惯千差万别大部分国家以摇头表示否定以点头表示肯定而阿尔巴尼亚人则以摇头表示肯定以点头
文化的多样性以统一性为基础
文化的统一性以多样性为前提
文化多样性本质上是人们风俗习惯多样化
文化统一性在于它具有客观性、可解释性和可转换性
国际企业组织结构千差万别然而不变的是
按照风俗习惯戒指带在中指上表示
全世界各国无论大小都没有警察但是他们的本质却千差万别
世界各国的风俗习惯千差万别大部分国家以摇头表示否定以点头表示肯定而阿尔巴尼亚人则以摇头表示肯定以点头
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人类之所以千差万别就是由于教育之故
在国际上由于各国风俗习惯和文化传统的不同而使得礼节有各种不同表现形式
世界上大部分国家和地区的首语都以点头表示______摇头表示______
世界各国的风俗习惯千差万别大部分国家以摇头表示否定以点头表示肯定而阿尔巴尼亚人则以摇头表示肯定以点头
文化的多样性以统一性为基础
文化的统一性以多样性为前提
文化多样性本质上是人们风俗习惯多样化
文化统一性在于它具有客观性、可解释性和可转换性
世界各国的历史传统风俗习惯zōng jiāo 信仰经济状况千差万别发展道路各具特色正是由于这种差别和特色才使得我们的
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薪酬系统的构成虽然千差万别但一般薪酬系统都应包括哪四个基本组成部分
SORALCHIN炼油厂工程的工程特点是
自然环境恶劣，社会依托差
__组织捣乱
异国风俗习惯
交通运输困难，路况差
工期紧迫，成本限制
全世界各国无论大小都设有警察但是他们的本质却千差万别
保加利亚尼泊尔等国家摇头表示点头表示
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Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Theauthorbelievesthatwithoutambition
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorconsideressentialforthepreservationofthemoralbasisofdemocracy
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. ThefailuresinBritishcriminaljusticesysteminclude
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Theauthorholdsambitiontobe
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. Theauthorsuggestsinthe1stparagraphthat
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause_________________.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica―breakthroughssuchasthetelegraphthesteamboatandtheweavingmachine AmongthemanyshapingfactorsIwouldsingleoutthecountry’’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbalspatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological. WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanicespeciallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesweregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry. AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reportedWithamindpreparedbythoroughschooldisciplinetheAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman. Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystemwhichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproachoriginatedabroadofferedinventorsmedalscashprizesandotherincentives. IntheUnitedStatesmultitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance. GiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovationtheAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedoutAtechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisualnonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist. Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewroteThemechanicshouldsitdownamongleversscrewswedgeswheelsetc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabetconsideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughtsinwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea. Whenalltheseshapingforces―schoolsopenattitudesthepremiumsystemageniusforspatialthinking―interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainlandtheyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence. AccordingtotheauthorthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto_________________.
Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsocietyholdingmanyofitsdifferentelementstogetherbutitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambitionasopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesiresimpliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoalspersonalandsocialofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamilyformenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachotherbutharborsomeoftheirmosteagerambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays-withbirthcontrolreadilyavailableandinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren-isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Ambitionandfuturity-asenseofbuildingfortomorrow-areinescapable.Workingsavingplanning-thesethedailyaspectsofambition-havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornotthemiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety’’sworkinAmerica;anditthemiddleclasshasfromthebeginningrunonambition. Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldstrippedofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:withoutdemandsanddisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminatedtensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreasedforfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbyconfusedendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandonwithambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart. Wedonotchooseourparentsourhistoricalepochthecountryofourbirthortheimmediatecircumstancesofourupbringing.Wedonotmostofuschoosetodie;nordowechoosethetimeorconditionsofourdeath.Butwithinallthisrealmofchoicelessnesswedochoosehowweshalllive:courageouslyorincowardicehonorablyordishonorablywithpurposeorindrift.Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecidethatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowindifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisionsthesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoosesoareourlivesformed.Intheendformingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout. Whatdistinguishesusonefromanotherseemstobe
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Youboughtadressonthewebandfounditfaulty.Writealettertothesellerinwhichyoushould 1statethetimeandwayofyourpurchase 2listitsfaultsand 3askforrefund. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandintheuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywisersandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchagovernmenttreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajority--caninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelections Intheauthor’’sviewthefailureofnondemocraticgovernmentstorespecthumanindependence
Intheessayyoushould 1describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaningand 2giveyourcommentonthephenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsnearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
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