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Though some people have suggested that women should return to housework in order to leave (1) job...
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1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
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1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
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Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. Itisimpliedinthepassagethat
Text1 On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared. Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo. Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained. Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved. HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow. Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. TomanypeopletheBermudaTriangleisreallyamysterybecause
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 15
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 41
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 11
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 19
Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100wordswriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Don’tsignyournameoraddressattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead.10points
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 43
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 9
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whycanalaborerbecalledawageslave.
Text1 On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared. Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo. Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained. Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved. HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow. Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. AllofthefollowingarementionedtosuggestthattheBermudaTriangleisreallyamysteriousareaEXCEPT
Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 7
AlmostexactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave1yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor2hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit3theirholidayandthoughtnomore4thedogwhichhadmeanwhilequietlydisappeared5thevillage. "Wedidn’trealizetherewas6wrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9heranti-rabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10--unabletodrinkcatchingherbreath--herowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoanambulancehallucinatingrecoilingin13atthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeath16achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare17butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis18byabiteofalickfroman19animal.Itcaninveryexceptionalcircumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 9
Text2 "Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger." ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: "Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing." Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion." Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable." Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot" But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Whoisagainsteuthanasia
Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. Thepassagemainlytellsusabout
Text1 On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared. Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo. Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained. Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved. HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow. Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
AlmostexactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave1yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor2hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit3theirholidayandthoughtnomore4thedogwhichhadmeanwhilequietlydisappeared5thevillage. "Wedidn’trealizetherewas6wrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9heranti-rabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10--unabletodrinkcatchingherbreath--herowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoanambulancehallucinatingrecoilingin13atthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeath16achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare17butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis18byabiteofalickfroman19animal.Itcaninveryexceptionalcircumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 1
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 5
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 17
AlmostexactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave1yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor2hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit3theirholidayandthoughtnomore4thedogwhichhadmeanwhilequietlydisappeared5thevillage. "Wedidn’trealizetherewas6wrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9heranti-rabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10--unabletodrinkcatchingherbreath--herowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoanambulancehallucinatingrecoilingin13atthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeath16achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare17butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis18byabiteofalickfroman19animal.Itcaninveryexceptionalcircumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 5
Text2 "Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger." ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: "Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing." Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion." Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable." Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot" But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Whatdoeseuthanasiamean
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 45
AlmostexactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave1yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor2hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit3theirholidayandthoughtnomore4thedogwhichhadmeanwhilequietlydisappeared5thevillage. "Wedidn’trealizetherewas6wrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9heranti-rabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10--unabletodrinkcatchingherbreath--herowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoanambulancehallucinatingrecoilingin13atthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeath16achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare17butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis18byabiteofalickfroman19animal.Itcaninveryexceptionalcircumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 3
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whetherajobcanbeclassifiedaslabororworkdependson
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 13
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. 3
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. 49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.
AlmostexactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave1yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor2hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit3theirholidayandthoughtnomore4thedogwhichhadmeanwhilequietlydisappeared5thevillage. "Wedidn’trealizetherewas6wrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9heranti-rabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10--unabletodrinkcatchingherbreath--herowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoanambulancehallucinatingrecoilingin13atthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeath16achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare17butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis18byabiteofalickfroman19animal.Itcaninveryexceptionalcircumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 7
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. 47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.
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