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下列腧穴中治疗痛经首选穴是
太白
血海
隐白
公孙
地机
屈膝在髌韧带两侧凹陷处取
鹤顶穴
膝眼穴
梁丘穴
血海穴
月经不调崩漏经闭湿疹股内侧痛当选
内关穴
颊车穴
血海穴
极泉穴
下列腧穴中治疗痛经首选穴是
隐白
太白
公孙
血海
地机
血海穴的主治作用范围包括__________
治疗心绞痛的主穴是
内关、血海、太冲、膻中
内关、郄门、阴郄、膻中
外关、郄门、阴郄、膻中
外关、血海、太冲、神门
心俞、血海、膻中、神门
屈膝__________是血海穴的正确定位
血海穴可以治疗妇科多种疾病
血海与冲门的连线上血海穴上6寸取
关门
箕门
大横
冲门
属于脾经的穴位有
血海穴
阴陵泉穴
三阴交穴
大横穴
殷门穴
以下腧穴中属于治疗胆绞痛特效穴的是
足三里
内关
胆囊穴
阴陵泉
血海
血海与冲门的连线上血海穴上6寸取
关门
箕门
大横
气冲
治疗蛇串疮的主穴是
阿是穴,夹脊
血海,内庭
曲池,血海
太冲,三阴交
大椎,曲池
崩漏的辨证论治正确的是
湿热选穴：中极 阴陵泉
血热选穴：中极 血海
血瘀选穴：血海 膈俞
肾虚选穴：肾俞 太溪
治疗蛇串疮的主穴是
曲池、血海
阿是穴、夹脊
太冲、三阴交
血海、内庭
大椎、曲池
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TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit. Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Theterm"nationalism"isgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination. Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism. Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture."Nationalawakenings"andstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionand"cleansing"ofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother. Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation. Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation. Nationalismwillbecomeracismwhenitiscombinedwith
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. TheeaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat____________.
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. It’’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat_________________.
Youwillbereceivingyourbachelor’’sdegreeinMarketingandarelookingforajob.Writealettertoanetworkcompanymanageraccordingtoyourfriend’’sadviceinwhichyoushouldstate 1thepersonofferingyouadvice 2yourstudyandexperienceand 3reasonsofyourinterestinthecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress10points.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 42
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 44
实的病机最根本的方面是
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. Whatseemstomakethesituationofinternetaddictionworse
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneoftheactivitieschildrendoingonlinethataregivingparentsheadaches
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital." WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasurestopromotetheuseofthenewlanterns
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat_________________.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. Whatgroupofpeopleisthispassageintendedtotalkto
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction.
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital." ThepurposeoftheLightingAfricaprogramisto
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscamethetermprotection.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
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