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Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Thenewstudyconcludedthatbeingbilingualisfoundhelpful
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Anotheraspectofpersonalserviceavailableinthevillageshopisthat
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Theauthorbelievesthatbehindthewheelofanautomobilesomepeopleact
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.WhatdoesthewordbearLastlinePara.2probablymean
Directions: Youareaseniorofcomputerscience.You’dliketobeaninternforanITcompany.Writealettertopresentyourwillingsincluding: 1youreducationbackground; 2yourpurposeofbeinganintern. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.Donotsignyourownnameattheletter.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Theservicesavailableinvillagesnowadaysare
WhatdidscientistslearnaboutearthquakesattheRockyMountainArsenal
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Inwhatwayisthevillageshoemakeraformidablefigure
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Dr.McFarlandemphasizesthegreatmenaceofaccidentsbycomparingitto
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Accordingtothetextstudiesatleadinguniversitieshaveshownthat
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.Whowillgetthemostbenefitinthenewrevolutioninmodernbiology
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Whatisgoingoninabilingualchild’sbrainaccordingtothenewstudy
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